Flashcards
T1 Cognitive Processes
Flashcards do conjunto (51)
- 1What is behaviourisma purely objective, experimental branch of natural science which needs introspection as little as do the sciences of chemistry and physics. It is granted that the behavior of animals can be investigated without appeal to consciousness.”
- 2Tolmans Internal mapsArgued rats had internal representation of the world (contradicts introspection which ignores animals in studies).
- 3What is cognitive loadrelates to the amount of information that working memory can hold at one time.
Since working memory has a limited capacity, instructional methods should avoid overloading it with additional activities that don't directly contribute to learning. - 4The role of technology- Attentional overload – finally able to design machines that exceed our capacities.
- Computer study (timing)
- Computer metaphor – inputs and outputs (whatever you put in is programmed to give out something) - 5Draw and Explain the Multi-store Memory ModelSee in notes
- 6What are the 3 storage pointsEncoding, storage, retrieval
- 7What is mental chronometry?Simple reaction time: press a button to any light.
Choice reaction time: press one button to red light and another button to green light.
Choice RT – Simple RT = Estimate of stimulus evaluation time. - 8What is attention?A chain of processing where stimuli is at one end and response is at the other end.
Attention operates at these different filters → attention is further processing of something you are observing and the discarding of something you are not paying attention to. - 9Explain with a diagram
- 10What is focused attention?Focused attention involves concentrating on a single task, object, or piece of information while ignoring other stimuli. This type of attention is also known as selective attention.
- 11What is diffused attention?involves a broader focus, where attention is spread across multiple stimuli or aspects of a situation. It’s less about focusing intensely on one thing and more about being open to a wider array of inputs.
- 12What is inattentional blindness?phenomenon where something is not processed because attention has not been given to it. It can also be when something is processed to a subconscious degree.
- 13Why is attention limited?- hardware limitations
- limited attentional resources
- allport's selection fro Action *explain - 14What is locus of selection?The Locus is the point in the chain of processing where some things are selected for further processing and other things are discarded.
- 15What is early locus of selection?going forward with a stimulus based on a low level of processing.
→ rejecting someone based on their physical characteristics. - 16What is late locus of selection?processing the information to a greater degree and applying your filter later → analysing deeper meaning.
- 17What is flexible locus of selection?when we are fully concentrated on a task, we have an early locus of selection for anything ELSE that is going on. We have spare attentional resources that can be captured by other things.
- 18What is evidence for this theory?BROADBENT
The early selection model of attention, proposed by Broadbent, posits that stimuli are filtered, or selected to be attended to, at an early stage during processing. A filter can be regarded as the selector of relevant information based on basic features, such as colour, pitch, or direction of stimuli. - 19What is Triesman's Experiment?She suggested that the stimuli are not filtered but are attenuated or enter into the sensory register at a lower intensity and are therefore given meaning early on.
- 20What is the cocktail party phenomenonrefers to the brain's ability to focus auditory attention on a particular stimulus while filtering out a range of other stimuli. This phenomenon is named after the common experience of being able to concentrate on a single conversation in a noisy environment, such as a cocktail party, despite the presence of multiple other conversations and background noises.
- 21Role of Attention What are parallel pre-attentive processes?allow the human brain to process multiple stimuli simultaneously, before conscious awareness and focused attention are engaged. These processes operate quickly and automatically, often outside of our conscious control, enabling us to assess and react to our environment efficiently.
- 22What is serial attention?Serial attention in cognitive psychology refers to the process of attending to one stimulus or task at a time in a sequential manner. This contrasts with parallel processing, where multiple stimuli or tasks are processed simultaneously.
- 23What is Triesman’s 1986 Feature Integration TheoryAttention is required to BIND features of an item together.
The theory proposes that we process features independently in a preattentive manner (doing this very quickly and in parallel) and the role of attention (the attention spotlight) was to bind these features together into objects (a slow and serial process).
Features include colour, orientation, size and stereo distance. - 24What is Endogenous vs Exogenous Attention?Endogenous Attention → it is voluntary and controlled - you are looking for something. You are scanning your environment for something in particular.
Exogenous Attention → It is involuntary and it is stimulus driven. It is something you are not necessarily looking for or expecting. - 25Explain iconic vs echoic memoryIconic memory → The memory of visual stimuli → It is so short that it will disappear when other information enters the memory.
Echoic memory → a type of sensory memory related to auditory stimuli. - 26Explain the Working Memory modelThe system consists of:
Central executive and episodic buffer
Slave systems
Phonological loop
Counting demonstration
Speed of speech
Effect of language efficiency / digit span → the amount of information you can store depends on the efficiency of language.
Visuo-spatial scratch pad - 27Explain declarative vs non-declarative memory and subsets of declarative memory
- 28What are hierarchical network modelsLogical hierarchical structure with interconnected nodes
Canary, bird, animal
And properties eg is yellow, has wings, breathes
Cognitive economy
Each concept property only stored once → non redundancy
Properties stored at highest level of network
Spreading activation retrieves meanings
Presenting a concept leads to “activation” of the appropriate node and to a spread of activation to related nodes. - 29What are Parallel Distributed Processing Models (PDP)Computational models: computer programs inspired by neural metaphor
Set of interconnected processing nodes (neurones) that ‘communicate’ by sending activation or inhibition.
A “learning rule” for adjusting connections throughout the network. - 30What is a schema?Generalised mental representations or concepts describing a class of objects, people, scenes or events.
They make memory efficient because instead of encoding everything from scratch we are able to tick a box and identify how to categorise information and store it in our brain. - 31What is script transference?Example: transferring the typical scripts and schemas to different environments e.g. doing “high school” vs “uni”
- 32Draw up an overview tree diagram of memory types
- 33What does implicit memory entail?Unconscious associations between stimuli
Dentist drill → pain → anxiety
Priming
Display or mention of one concept leads to ‘spreading activation’ to other related concepts.
E.g. “money, withdraw, robbery” / “river, flow, boat”
Probe: “he walked towards the bank” - 34How do we know that implicit memory performance is different from explicit memory performance?Levels of processing
The more deeply you process something the better you remember it.
Modality/format e.g. letter case or font
E.g. if you study using images but the test is on words → this will disrupt implicit memory.
Delay / retention interval
Amnesic patients - 35What are flashbulb memories?People have very vivid and detailed memories surrounding dramatic world events
A special neural mechanism is activated according to Brown and Kulik (1977)
Research suggests we are more confident about flashbulb memories but they decay just like other memories. - 36What are examples of lifetime memories?Infantile Amnesia
Reminiscence bump - 37What are some techniques to improving memorisation?Attitudes to study/ effort
Self-schema (strengths, weaknesses, age)
Learn, don’t collect.
Use context
Avoid interference
Study at the best time of day for you
Deep encoding
Prepare before lectures and tutorials
Evaluate study technique
Put effort into finding the best strategy. - 38What happens to neurons (and memory) as we age?Neurons shrink and retract their dendrites, and the fatty myelin that wraps around axons deteriorates. The number of connections, or synapses, between brain cells also drops, which can affect learning and memory.
- 39Retrieval is best when encoding and retrieval MATCH....Mood
Time and place
Thoughts and feelings
Smells
Images
Nature of the task - 40How can encoding be optimised?Avoid distractions
Noises, chatter, television, messages
Silence is best
Music (liked and disliked) interferes as much as speech
Seek serenity before or after study periods
Sleep
walk/jog/swim/kayak w your phone switched off. - 41What is avoid interference?Competition from other material
Retroactive → new material affects old material → studying at 10pm and playing music before you sleep which will destroy everything you studied.
Proactive → old material affects new material
Similarity is important
Attentional focus - 42What is deep processing?Asking questions / elaboration of material
Structuring material semantically
Self-referent encoding
Reframing the info as relevant to you - 43Provide the 4 examples of how more transformation = better learning
- 44What is transformation?understanding necessary content structured, schemas formed → more retrieval cues → better learning and memory.
- 45Explain visualisation and the method of LociAKA memory journey, memory palace, mind palace.
E.g. memorising a recipe by visualising a floor plan of a house and different ingredients in different rooms. - 46Explain/Evaluate Summarisation TechniqueCertainly better than just copying
Does depend on the skill/understanding of the learner
Overall → LOW UTILITY. - 47Explain/Evaluate Highlighting and underliningNo evidence it is effective
Could be effective if you are a good highlighter → relevant info only
Overall → LOW UTILITY - 48Explain/Evaluate rereadingGood for recall, unclear whether it helps with comprehension
Unclear how dependent effects are on students’ ability
Inefficient compared to other techniques
Overall: LOW UTILITY - 49Explain/Evaluate Practice TestingStrong and diverse evidence it is effective
Direct and mediated effects
Practising recall and search
Spacing matters
Overall: HIGH UTILITY - 50Explain/Evaluate Distributed PracticeSpacing effects (vs massed practice)
Lag effects (longer = better)
Materials reprocessed OR reminded of previous learning OR consolidation
Overall: HIGH UTILITY - 51Explain/Evaluate Test-enhanced Learningoediger and Karpicke, 2006
Ps considered prose passages - 260 words
They studied for 7 minutes then studied for 7 minutes OR
Studied for 7 minutes; then ‘tested’ for 7 minutes
The recall ‘test’ was just a blank page with the title of the passage
Recall test: 5 minutes, 2 days, 7 days after.
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- Year 1 PSYC1002 FlashCards sobre T1 Cognitive Processes, criado por Maree Sialepis em 16-10-2024.
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- Maree Sialepis
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