6448832
Description
Flashcards by Arnar Konradsson, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Arnar Konradsson
over 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What makes up the central nervous system? | The brain and spinal cord |
| What makes up the peripheral nervous system? | Sensory nerves, motor nerves, autonomic nervous system & enteric nervos system |
| Where are sensory nerves located and what do they do? | Sensory organs. Process input of stimuli and sends them to the CNS |
| Where are motor nerves and what do they do? | Located in CNS (Brain and spine) Sends information back from CNT to sensory organs |
| What does the autonomic nervous system do and what are the 2 components of the autonomic nervous system? | Controls non voluntary functions such as breathing, sweating. Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system |
| What does the sympathetic nervous system do? What neurotransmitters are involved | Prepares the body for action. Key neurotransmitters are norepinephrine and acetylcoline |
| What does the parasympathetic nervous system do? What neurotransmitters are involved? | Involved with returning body to resting state. Norepinephrine and acetylcoline |
| Where is the enteric nervous system | Neurons in gut. Interacts with brain via sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system |
| What 3 things protect the brain? | Bone, Meninges and Blood brain barrier |
| What are the 3 membranes of the meninges? | Dura Mater, Arachnoid Membrane, Pia Mater |
| What does the blood brain barrier do? | A collection of blood vessels that surround the brain that can block certain chemicals from entering the brain |
| What is the spinal cord made up of and what is its function? | Many nerve fibres. Acts as an interface between brain and peripheral nervous system |
| What are the small gaps in the brain called?What do they contain and what are their purpose? | Ventricles. Filled with CSF (cerebro spinal fluid) and they act as a sewerage system to the brain |
| What does the brainstem control? | Vital life supporting functions such as breathing |
| What does the cerebellum control? | Precision movements in the body such as writing, drawing, playing piano |
| Which part of the brain primarily relays sensory information to the cortex? | Thalmus |
| What is a key function of the hypothalmus? | Regulates hormonal activity and handles motivation |
| What are the 6 components of the limbic system | Fornix, hippocampus, amygdala, mamillary bodies, olfactory bulb and cingulate cortex |
| What does the basal ganglia control | Actions and thought |
| What is the neocortex? What are the 4 lobes that make up the neocortex? | The convoluted sheet on top of brain. Frontal, parietal, temporal, occiputal lobes. |
| Which lobe handles planning and executive functions? | Frontal |
| Which lobe handles the understanding of space and spatial awareness? | Parietal |
| What does the occiputal lobe primarily control | Vision |
| Which lobe controls memory and language? | Temporal |
| What is the corpus callosum? | The brain fibres that split the left and right hemispheres |
| What is the name of a neurons resting state and what does it mean? | Polerised. When it contains negatively charged ions compared to outside |
| What makes a neuron depolarised? | When a neuron opens channels to let ions enter and exit |
| What is hyperpolarisation? What is the other name for this process? | When a neuron has just become depolarised, preventing itself from repolarising. Also known as absolute refractory period |
| Which brain imaging technique involves attaching electrodes to the skull to measure electrical fields? | EEG - Electroencephelogram - Good temporal resolution but poor spatial resolution |
| What does a PET scan do? | Positron Emission Tomography. Subject given radioactive oxygen or glucose and PET measures where activity is located. Poor temporal by good spatial resolution |
| Which imaging technique uses radioactive waves in the head to get a structural view of the brain | MRI - Magnetic Resonance imaging |
| Which imaging technique measures the changes in magnetic properties of the blood within radioactive field? What are the advantages and disadvantages of this technique? | fMRI - Function Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Good spatial resolution due to MRI but poor temporal resolution |
| How does MEG work? What are the advantages and disadvantages | MEG - Magnetoencephalography - Measures magnetic activity of neurons directly. Excellent spatial and temporal resolution but the technology is very expensive and sensitive to radio signals |
| What area of the brain keeps us conscious? | Neurotransmitters in the Locus coeruleus, raphe nuclei and the pons. All located in the brainstem |
| What is slow wave sleep? | Syncronised neuronal activity between the thalmus and cortex (quiet signals on graph) |
| What is REM? | Brain waves become desyncronised during sleep caused by neurotransmission in pons->thalmus->visual cortex |
| Which part of the brain controls hunger? | Hypothalmus |
| A rat reduces eating dramatically to a much lower level (without dying) associated witha decrease in insulin. Which part of the brain has been lesioned? | Lateral hypothalmus |
| What happens if you lesion the ventromedial hypothalmus in a rat? | The rat gains weight quickly. They wont overeat, but they will eat more often. Insulin levels will increase |
| What happens when the paraventricular nucleus is lesioned in a rat? | Rat will eat larger meals. Satiety is controlled by CCK hormone in PVN |
| What part of the brain is the reward system located and what are the primary neurotransmitters? | the mFB - Medial Forebrain Bundle in the brainstem. Dopamine is the primary neurotransmitter |
| What is hemispheric lateralisation? | Right hemisphere receives sensory input and controls motor function of left and vice versa |
| Bill is unable to speak but can still understand people. What part of his brain is damaged and which lobe is it located? What is the name of the condition he is suffering from? | Brocas area. Frontal Lobe. Nonfluent or Broca's aphasia |
| What would happen if you damaged your Wernicke's area? What part of the brain is this located? What condition would you be suffering from? | You would find it difficult to understand speech. You would be able to speak but it would not make sense. Left Temporal Lobe. Wernicke's aphasia or fluent aphasia. |
| What are the 3 stages of memory processing? | Encoding, storage and retrieval |
| What is mental chronometry? | Measurement of how long thoughts take or the speed of mental processes |
| When people seek out information that confirms their beliefs, what is this called? | Cognitive Bias |
| What is the main characteristic of an early locus of selection? | Attentional information is processed on its physical attributes only |
| What is the main characteristic of a late locus of selection? | Attentional information is selected based on meaning |
| In a dichotic listening test, if a person can only process one ear deeply and the only high level attributes on the other (sex of speaker etc..) What type of filter is this? | An early filter |
| What are the 2 types of attentional control and their main features? | Involuntary, Exogenous and stimulus driven (when it pops out at you), and Voluntary, endogenous and goal directed (a serial search) |
| What is the name of the phenomenon when a change in visual stimuli is not noticed immediately? | Change Blindness |
| What are the primary memory types? | Iconic/ Echoic (Sensory), Short term, Long term |
| What are features of iconic and echoic (sensory) memory | very very short term, exact copies of stimuli. Unlimited capacity |
| What are the features of short term memory? | short term (around 30 secs if not rehearsed), phonological encoding, ~ 7 items remembered |
| What are the features of long term memory? | Virtually unlimited capacity, semantic encoding and forgetting is caused by interference rather than decay |
| You can remember the start and end items in a list, what is this called? | Serial position effect |
| What are the 3 elements of working memory? | Central executive/Episodic buffer, visuo-spatial scratchpad, phonological loop |
| The memory of how to ride a bike, tread water, skip etc.. is known as? | Nondeclarative (implicit) memory |
| What are the 2 types of declerative memory? | Semantic memory and episodic memory |
| Remembering the capital city of Guatemala. What type of memory is this? | Semantic memory (stored general knowledge). A form of declarative (explicit) memory |
| Remembering the first concert you ever went to or the first girl you kissed. What type of memory is this? | Episodic Memory (recollections pf personal experiences). A form of declarative (explicit) memory |
| Remembering the meaning of something but forgetting where you remembered it from is called? | Source amnesia |
| What are the two forms of aphasia. What neurological damage causes each type | Fluent and Non-Fluent aphasia. Fluent - Wernickes. Non fluent - Brocas area. |
| Of all brain function, which of these is the most strikingly lateralised? | Speech Language and comprehension |
| Where is the Brocas area located? | Lower posterior region of left frontal lobe |
| Where is the Wernickes area located? | Posterior region of left temporal lobe |
| What do you suffer from when you damage your hippocampus? Explain | Anterograde amnesia. Existing memories remain intact, but unable to create new longterm memories. |
| What happened to HM? | Surgery to remove hippocampus to treat epilepsy. Unable to learn and remember new information |
| What did Brenda Milner show when studying HM? | Memories are not stored in Hippocampus |
| What is Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome? | Disease caused by low level of thiamine, leading to wernickes encephalopathy and finally Korsakoff's psychosis |
| What part of the brain does Wernickes Korsakoff syndrome affect, and what does it cause? | Causes damage to the mammilary bodies which causes amnesia (both anterograde and retrograde) |
| What neurological changes accompany Alzheimers disease? | Brain shrinks, ventricles enlarge. Abnormal tissues develop in cortex and hippocampus |
| What is the main feature of an associated network model? | Spiderweb of interrelated items. Highly specialised and developed based on experiences |
| What is the main feature of a propositional network model | Spiderweb of interrelated items laid out like a story, e.g., the snake was scary, unpredictable etc.. |
| What is a schema? | A mental representation of concepts describing a class of objects, people or events. Can help memory but also distort it |
| What is a script? | Generalised mental representations of events in time e.g., birthday party, wedding, shopping |
| What are some examples of implicit (nondeclarative) memory? | Riding a bike, classical conditioning (scared of dentist drill), priming |
| What is priming? | Displaying or mentioning a concept leads to "spreading activation" to other related concepts |
| What are the 2 types of declarative memory? | Semantic Memory and Episodic Memory |
| How are procedural (implicit) memories created?Why are they more resistant to brain damage? | Through experience. Not verbalisable. "I'll show you". More resistant because its hard coded into the brain |
| When you perform better matching your method with your retrieval method, what is this called? | Transfer appropriate processing |
| What are some causes of false memory? | Social pressure, source confusion, misleading questioning |
| What is the drawback of hypnosis in memory? | You are increasing their memory confidence, but not its accuracy. They remember more false memories |
| What is a memory around an emotional or dramatic world event called? | Flashbulb memory |
| When you fill in the gaps of memories you don't remember, what is this called? | Confabulation |
| What are some causes of infantile amnesia? | Underdeveloped schema, neurologial causes, underdeveloped emotional encoding |
| What are the features of a reflex? | Innate, very quick, learning not required, generally adaptive processes |
| How do instincts differ from reflexes? | Instincts are more complex behaviors, involve more muscle systems but like reflexes, are genetically determined |
| A rat hears a loud noise and jumps. With the repeated presentation of the loud noise it jumps less. What is this called? | Habituation |
| What is sensitisation? | Increased responding produced by repeated stimulus |
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