Flashcards
Learning UNIT 2
Flashcards do conjunto (20)
- 1Define what is meant by learning ?A relatively permanent change in behaviour as a result of experience.
- 2Pavlov gave parts of his procedure special names what were they called ?Unconditioned Stimulus
Unconditioned response
Conditioned Stimulus
Condtioned response - 3Describe the Aim , method , results obtained and the conclusions drawn for the Watson and Raynor study ?Aim = To see if the emotional response of fear could be conditioned in a human being.
Method = Albert was 11 months old. He seemed to like a white lab rat and had no fear of any white fury objects. In the conditioning trials the rat was shown to Albert and as he reached for it, a metal bar was hit very hard with a hammer behind his back.
Results = After seven times, when the rat was presented again, Albert screamed and tried to get away. He did this even though the bar was not hit by the hammer and there was no loud noise. Albert also screamed when he was shown a santa claus mask and a fur coat.
Conclusions = Watson andi Raynor showed that fear responses could be learnt and even very youkng children could learn in the way suggested by classical condtioning. - 4State and explain one practical application of classical conditioning ?Advertising uses classical conditioning because it gives you pictures / music , that makes you happy. You link that to the product/company and finally you are happy and trustworthy.
- 5Define what is meant by Operant Conditioning ?Learning due to consequences of our behaviour. For example , through positive and negative reinforement.
- 6What does punishment mean ?Put a stop to unwanted behaviour.
- 7what is Phobia ?A persistent and irrational fear of an object , activity or situation.
- 8Name one treatment of phobias and explain what it is ?Flooding = The person is exposed repeatedly and rapidy to thing they fear ( they are flooded with thoughts and actual experiences ).
The person has to unlearn the connection between the stimulus and the fear respons. - 9Explain what is meant by SYSTEMATIC DESENSITISATION ?The person with a phobia is taught how to relax themeselves.
The person and therapist construct a "Hierarchy of fears" that contain the things they are afraid in order from least frightening to most frightening.
The person only moves up the hierachy if they have been relaxed at the previous stage. - 10What is Aversion Therapy ?is a form of psychological treatment in which the patient is exposed to a stimulus while simultaneously being subjected to some form of discomfort. This conditioning is intended to cause the patient to associate the stimulus with unpleasant sensations in order to stop the specific behavior.
For example, to get the patient to develop an extremely negative reaction to the drug or alcohol using using the vomiting reflex.
It is not always successful over time. Its only for short term. - 11State an example , explain what token economy is by using your example to help you .When the offenders behave in positive ways , they are given tokens that can be exhanged for money and cigarettes.
- 12What does extinction mean ?A conditioned response dies out.
- 13Define what is meant by spontaneous recovery ?A conditioned response that has disappeared suddenly appears again.
- 14What does Generalisation mean ?The conditioned response is produced when a similar stimulus to the original conditioned stimulus is presented.
- 15What does discrimination mean ?The conditioned response is only produced when a specific stimulus is presented.
- 16What is the name of the term ? that is when behaviors that are followed by rewards are usually repeated ; those that are punished are not usually repeated.Law of effect
- 17What does punishment mean ?Puts a stop to an unwanted behavior.
- 18What does behaviour shaping mean ?Changing behaviour in small steps.
- 19What is a primary reinforcer ?A reward such as food or water, that the animal or person needs in order to survive.
- 20Secondary reinforcer ?A reward, such as money or a token, that the animal or person can exchange for a primary reinforcer.
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- Ben Lalev
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