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Flashcards do conjunto (139)
- 1Receptive FieldA single general sensory receptor monitors a specific area
- 2Large receptive fieldsreceptor monitors large diameter areas
decrease your ability to locate the exact point of stimulus - “less sensitive”
Found on trunk etc. - receptive field can be 7 cm in diameter - 3Small receptive fieldsreceptor monitors tiny diameter areas
increase your ability to locate the exact point of stimulus – “more sensitive”
Found on fingertips – receptive fields can be less than a mm - 4Proprioceptorsreceptors in the muscles, tendons ,ligaments & joint capsule- detect body position
- 5Auricle (Pinna)fleshy external “flaps” on each side of the head
Composed of elastic cartilage
Function = Arrangement of “whorls” direct sound into the canal - 6External Auditory Canal“s” shaped passage connecting outer & middle ear
Composed of fibrocartilage & part of temporal bone
Function = conducts sound waves to middle ear - 7External Auditory Canal“s” shaped passage connecting outer & middle ear
Composed of fibrocartilage & part of temporal bone
Function = conducts sound waves to middle ear - 8Tympanic Membrane (A)eardrum
Concave membrane separating outer & middle ear (1cm)
Function = Vibrates when struck by sound waves - 9Malleus (M)small bone - “hammer” shape
“handle” attached to inner surface of eardrum
Articulates with incus - 10Incus (I)small bone – “anvil”
Articulates with both malleus & Stapes - 11Stapes (S)small bone – “stirrup” shape
Suspended in opening called Oval window – opening to inner ear (vestibule) - 12Round WindowSecond opening to the inner ear covered with 2nd tympanic membrane
absorbs/relieves pressure in inner ear - 13Auditory or Eustachian Tubepassage between the middle ear and nasopharynx
Function = allows air in/out to equalize pressure on both sides of the ear drum - 14Inner earmaze of passage ways (spaces) within the temporal bone
Lined with fleshy tubes & filled with fluid - 15Cochleaorgan of hearing
Snail-like coiled tube anterior to vestibule
3 fluid filled chambers separated by membranes - 16Semicircular Canals3 ducts positioned within different planes in temporal bone
- 17Vestibulocochlear Nerveinnervates structures of the inner ear
- 18Tectorial Membranegelatinous membrane sitting on top of stereocilia
It is anchored in bone & is therefore stationary - 19Tip linksstretchy proteins attached to ion channels on tip of each stereocilia
- 20Vestibular Apparatusorgan of equilibrium in inner ear
- 21Saccule & Utricle2 chambers of the vestibule that
sense static equilibrium (head position) & linear acceleration (riding in car or elevator - 22Maculapatches of hair cells with stereocilia in each chamber of vestibule
- 23Otolithic Membranegelatinous membrane weighted with granules
- 24Ampullaedilated bulb at end of each semicircular canal
- 25Crista Ampullarismound of hair cells with stereocilia
- 26Palpebraeeyelids
Function = protection, maintain moisture & prevent visual stim. - 27Conjunctivamucous membrane on inner surface of eyelid
Function = secrete mucous to prevent drying - 28Lacrimal glandgland found in upper lateral corner of eye
Function = tear secretion - 29Fibrous Tunicouter layers consisting of the:
Sclera & Cornea - 30Vascular Tunic -middle layer (uvea) composed of blood vessels and sm. Muscle
- 31Sensory Tunicinner neural layer consisting of the:
Retina & Optic nerve - 32Scleradense fibrous connective tissue - “whites” of the eye
- 33Corneatransparent region of sclera that admits light into eye
- 34Choroiddark vascular layer behind retina
- 35Ciliary Bodythickened extension of choroid
Forms muscular ring around lens & iris - 36Iriscolored muscular membrane below cornea
Attached to ciliary body, controls diameter of opening
Pupil is opening regulates amount of light entering eye - 37Retinaa thin pigmented epithelial layer at the back of inner eye lined with neurons
- 38Optic Discpoint where retina axons converge & exit the eye
- 39Visual fillingbrain assumes unseen area looks like its surroundings & fills in with imaginary info
- 40Anterior Cavityspace between cornea & lens
Filled with fluid called aqueous humor
Composed of 2 chambers - 41Anterior Chamberspace between cornea & iris
Filled with aqueous humor - 42Posterior Chamberspace between iris & lens
Filled with aqueous humor - 43Posterior Cavityspace between lens & retina
filled with vitreous fluid – keeps retina in place - 44Lensflexible crystalline protein structure behind pupil
Focuses light onto retina - 45Suspensory Ligamentsring of fibers that attach lens to Ciliary body
- 46Photoreceptorscells that absorb light & stimulate nerves
- 47Ganglion cellssensitive to light intensity
Brain uses info to adjust pupil & set circadian rhythms - 48Gyri (gyrus)the folds of the brain
- 49Sulci (sulcus)the grooves of the brain
- 50Dura materoutermost, tough membrane
- 51Pia materthin vascular layer adheres to contours of brain
- 52Arachnoid materspider web of collagen & elastic fibers between dura & pia matter
- 53Subdural spaceseparates dura from arachnoid
- 54Subarachnoid spaceseparates arachnoid from pia
- 55Falx cerebriruns down between right/left cerebral hemispheres – separates them
- 56Tentorium cerebelliseparates cerebrum from cerebellum
- 57Falx cerebelliseparates right/left parts of cerebellum
- 58Corpus callosumthick bundle of axons that connect the 2 hemispheres
- 59Temporal lobehearing, smell, learning, memory, emotional behavior
- 60Parietal lobesensory reception
integration of sensory info - 61Frontal lobevoluntary motor functions – control of skeletal muscles
areas for planning, mood, smell social judgment & aggression - 62Lateral Sulcusseparates temporal lobe from frontal & parietal lobes
- 63Central Sulcusseparates frontal & parietal lobes
- 64Precentral gyruscontains neurons of primary motor cortex
Allows voluntary control of skeletal muscle – stimulation of specific neuron leads to contraction of specific muscles – receives instructions from premotor cortex - 65Postcentral gyruscontains neurons of
- 66primary sensory cortexReceives sensory info for temp, taste, touch , pain, pressure – receives info from thalamus
- 67Primary Motor Center –Neurons in precentral
Gyrus control muscles in specific areas - 68Primary Sensory Center –Neurons in postcentral gyrus receive sensory info from specific areas
- 69Gray mattercontains somas & dendrites of neurons
- 70White matterbundles of axons from many neurons
- 71Basal NucleiMasses of gray matter (soma & dendrites) deep to cerebral cortex
- 72Involved in motor controladjusts movements subconsciously
- 73Commissural tractsaxons cross from one hemisphere to the other
- 74Projection tractsaxons extend vertically from brain to spinal cord
- 75Long Association Tractsaxons connect lobes
- 76Short Association Tractsaxons connect gyri within lobe
- 77Thalamusoval mass of gray matter
with right & left halves under each cerebral hemisphere - 78Gateway to cerebrumReceives sensory info on way to cerebral cortex
integrates & directs info to appropriate area
Sends motor signals from cerebrum out - 79pineal glandEndocrine function & relay center to limbic system
- 80HypothalamusControl center of autonomic NS & endocrine system
Homeostatic regulation
Thermoregulation, hunger & thirst, sleep & circadian rhythms
Memory, emotional behavior - 81Cerebral pedunclesanchor the cerebrum to the brainstem – contains descending tracts
- 82Ventriclesinternal chambers or spaces within the CNS
- 83Choroid Plexusnetwork of capillaries anchored to the floor of each ventricle – covered with ependymal cells
Filters blood plasma forming ~ 30% of CSF - 84Arachnoid VilliCauliflower-like extension of the arachnoid layer that extends through the dura matter into the superior sagittal sinus
- 85Olfactory Nerve IProvides - sense of smell (sensory)
Damage - causes impaired sense of smell
Clinical tests = determine if patient can smell aromatic substances - 86Optic Nerve IIprovides vision
- 87Oculomotor Nerve IIIProvides - eye movement, opening of eyelid, constriction of pupil, focusing (motor)
- 88Trochlear Nerve IVProvides - eye movement & proprioception (motor)
Innervates muscle that moves eye down & in - 89Trigeminal Nerve VMain sensory nerve to face (touch, pain and temperature) and provides muscle movement of mastication (motor
- 90Abducens Nerve VIProvides - eye movement (motor)
Move eye laterally - 91Facial Nerve VIIProvides - sense of taste (sensory), facial expressions (motor), & autonomic control of salivary, tear, nasal & palatine glands (motor)
- 92Vestibulocochlear Nerve VIIIProvides - hearing & sense of balance (sensory)
- 93Glossopharyngeal Nerve IXProvides - control over swallowing, salivation, gagging, BP and respiration & receives sensations from tongue (mixed)
- 94Vagus Nerve XProvides - swallowing, speech, regulation of viscera (mixed)
- 95Accessory Nerve XIProvides - swallowing, head, neck & shoulder movement (motor)
- 96Hypoglossal Nerve XIIProvides - tongue movements for speech, food manipulation & swallowing (motor)
- 97Sensory (afferent) divisionscarries signals from sensory receptors throughout the body to CNS (detects stimuli & changes body/systems)
- 98Visceral sensory divisionSenses changes in viscera
Viscera = heart, lungs, stomach, bladder, etc
Unaware of sensations - 99Somatic sensory divisionSense skin, muscles, bones including body position
Aware of sensations - 100Motor (efferent) divisioncarries signals from CNS to effectors
- 101Somatic motor divisionvoluntary control
effectors: skeletal muscle - 102Visceral motor division (autonomic NS)No voluntary control - unconscious
effectors: cardiac muscle & smooth muscle in all organs & vessels, glands - 103Control center contains the nucleus & is where incoming signal are sentSoma
- 104Processes off soma branch into numerous ____ for receiving incoming signalsDendrites
- 105Axon HillockLarge process off soma gives rise to the long nerve fiber (axon)
Is part of the trigger zone that plays an important role in generating an action potential in the neuron - 106axon1 long fiber that conducts signal away from the soma
- 107Internodesmyelin covered segments of axon
Insulate the axon - 108Nodes of Ranviergaps between myelin covered internodes
- 109Terminal arborizationbranching at end of axon
- 110Multipolar neuronmost common – motor neurons
many dendrites/one axon - 111Bipolar neuronspecial senses - olfactory, retina, ear
one dendrite/one axon - 112Unipolar neuronsensory from skin & organs to spinal cord
Single fused process - 113Anaxonic neuronfound in brain & special sense
help in visual processes?
many dendrites/no axon - 114Neuroglia cellsare supportive cells associated with the CNS
- 115Astrocytesmost abundant & functionally diverse
contribute to BBB - regulate substances enter brain tissue
Convert blood glucose to lactate (feeds brain)
Secrete growth factor – growth & synapse formation
Sclerosis – hardened mass of astrocytes (scar) - 116Oligodendrocytesform myelin sheaths in CNS
wraps processes around nerve fibers - insulates - 117Microglia(macrophages) formed from WBC
Immune cells that creep around & do phagocytosis - 118Ependymal cellsline cavities surrounding brain &
Spinal cord - produce cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) - 119Schwann cellsforms myelin sheaths around axons in PNS
- 120Satellite cellssurround soma of ganglia in PNS uncertain function
- 121Myelin Sheathinsulating layer surrounding nerve fibers
Composed of cell membranes of Schwann cells or oligodendrocytes - 122Electrical Potentialdifference in the concentration of charged particles between two separated points
- 123Resting Membrane Potential (RMP)the voltage across the cell membrane when the cell is not firing
- 124Non-myelinated Fibersthe action potential progresses down the entire length of the axon
- 125Hyperpolarizationwhen the membranes voltage drops below the RMP after an action potential
Due to excess K+ leaking out - 126Absolute refractory periodno stimulus will trigger AP
Starts when Na+ gates are open
Ends when AP returns to RP - 127Relative refractory periodMembrane is hyperpolarized & only especially strong stimulus will trigger new AP
- 128Gradedmagnitude varies with stimulus strength
- 129Decrementalweaken the farther they spread
- 130Reversibleif stimulation stops, K+ diffuses out of cell returning voltage to resting potential before reaching threshold
- 131Excitatory cholinergic synapse NeurotransmitterAch
Stimulate other neurons or muscle - 132Inhibitory GABA-ergic synapse NeurotransmitterGABA (-aminobutyric acid)
Inhibit other neurons - 133Excitatory adrenergic synapse Neurotransmitter =NE (nor-epinephrine)
Stimulates others neurons - 134Synaptic delaytime from arrival of nerve signal at synapse to start of AP in postsynaptic cell (0.5 msec)
- 135Neuromodulators = hormones that modify synaptic transmissionhormones that modify synaptic transmission
- 136Diverging circuitthe axon of one neuron branches & synapses with several postsynaptic neurons - broad distribution
Sensory info from eye is sent to many parts of brain – visual center (aware of what you see) and to areas that control posture & balance - 137Converging circuitinput from many neurons synapse on one neuron
Sensory receptors & balance info come from many place converge on CNS
Both conscious and unconscious control of diaphragm - 138Reverberating circuitsneurons stimulate each other in linear sequence
one cell re-stimulates first cell & starts process all over – like positive feedback loop - 139Parallel afterdischarge circuits
input neuron stimulates several pathways
Pathways vary in # of synapses
Cause stimulation of last neuron long after input has stopped
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- FlashCards sobre Sem título, criado por mariahmcfarlane em 03-12-2013.
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- mariahmcfarlane
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