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Flashcards

Equine Preventative Medicine

Florence Edwards Year 1 BVSc Inglês 73 flashcards

Flashcards do conjunto (73)

  1. 1What is the name for the organism that causes tetanus?Clostridium tetani
  2. 2How is tetanus caused?Entry via deep wound
    Releases exotoxin
    Causes spastic paralysis and death from respiratory failure or aspiration pneumonia is approximately 90% of cases
  3. 3What is the vaccination protocol against tetanus in all horses?Primary vaccination 4-6 months old
    Booster 4-6 weeks later
    Booster 1 year later
    Bi or triannual boosters
  4. 4What is the vaccination protocol against tetanus in pregnant mares?Booster 4-6 weeks before foaling
  5. 5What is the vaccination protocol against tetanus in foals?Unvaccinated mare but good colostral uptake = vaccinate and consider TAT (tetanus antitoxin)
    Failure of passive transfer of immunity = hyperimmune plasma
  6. 6What is the vaccination protocol against tetanus for horses with open wounds or undergoing surgeryVaccinate again if more than 6 months ago
    Consider also giving TAT away from vaccination site
  7. 7What is the length of protection provided by TAT?3 weeks
  8. 8What is a risk of TAT?Small risk of transferring Theiler's disease
  9. 9What is the cost of the tetanus vaccine?Approximately £10
  10. 10What is influenza?Highly contagious viral disease of upper respiratory tract
    High morbidity but low mortality - however can result in severe complications
  11. 11What is present in flu-free countries?Special consideration for import of horses from countries with influenza
  12. 12Why must influenza vaccines be regularly updated?Virus changes by antigenic drift and antigenic shift
  13. 13What are the two types of influenza virus?Inactivated
    Antigen presentation via canarypox vextor
  14. 14What is the vaccination protocol against influenza?Dose 1 = day 0
    Dose 2 = 21-92 days (3 weeks-3 months)
    Dose 3 = 150-215 days later (5-7 months)
    6 monthly booster for FEI competing horses, otherwise annual
  15. 15What is the cost of the influenza vaccination?£20-30
  16. 16What types of equine herpes virus are vaccinated against?EHV1 and 4 which have respiratory, reproductive and neurological forms
  17. 17When can respiratory form of EHV be problematic?Performance stables such as racing yards
  18. 18What is the vaccination protocol for the respiratory form of EHV?Initial vaccination
    2 vaccines 4-6 weeks apart
    Booster biannually
  19. 19Why is the reproductive form of EHV problematic?Can cause abortion storms
    Vaccination does not reduce risk of individual aborting, but of an abortion outbreak then occurring
  20. 20What is the vaccination protocol for the reproductive form of EHV?Primary course then a booster at 5,7 and 9 months gestation
  21. 21What are the signs of neurological EHV?Ataxia from which horse may never fully recover
    Inability to urinate
    Poor prognosis if they become recumbent
  22. 22Why should vaccination against EHV only be carried out if necessary?In a neurological EHV outbreak, more vaccination means outbreak will be more severe
    Also should never vaccinate in the face of one of these outbreaks
  23. 23What is the organism that causes strangles?Streptococcus equi equi
  24. 24What is strangles?Highly contagious bacterial upper respiratory tract disease
  25. 25Give 3 symptoms of stranglesFever
    Purulent nasal discharge
    Abscesses in head and neck regional lymph nodes
  26. 26What is the form of the strangles vaccine?Submucosal injection in upper lip
    Due to the fact that immunity to strangles requires mucosal immunity rather than IgG
  27. 27What is the vaccination protocol for strangles?2 injections 4 weeks apart
    3 monthly boosters
    If left less than 6 months, booster in the face of an outbreak gives protective immunity within 24 hours
  28. 28What is the purpose of strangles vaccination?Reduces severity of disease rather than incidence
  29. 29When do foals usually receive their first vaccination and why?3-6 months old
    Maternal antibodies waned sufficiently so as not to interfere with vaccine
  30. 30Give 3 things that should be checked on a horse's passportBelongs to correct horse
    No past lapses in vaccination dates
    'Not for human consumption' declaration signed
  31. 31Give 3 reasons for a vaccination reactionReaction to vaccine
    Reaction to its adjuvant
    Bacteria inoculated with the vaccine
  32. 32How are localised vaccination reactions treated?Draining of abscess
    Culture of fluid
    Antibiotics as appropriate
  33. 33Give 3 symptoms of a generalised vaccination reactionDepression
    Pyrexia
    Myalgia (stiff and reluctant to walk)
  34. 34Give 2 ways to reduce risk of vaccination reactionGood hygiene practice
    Clinical exam before vaccination
  35. 35Give 4 factors to consider if a horse has had a previous reaction to a vaccineConsider whether vaccination necessary
    Aseptic technique
    Give vaccines separately rather than in a mixed preparation
    Give NSAID concurrently (do not give corticosteroids concurrently as vaccine may fail to induce immunity)
  36. 36What is the veterinary term for worms?Helminths
  37. 37What is the veterinary term for tapeworms?Cestodes
  38. 38What is the veterinary term for roundworms?Nematodes
  39. 39What is the veterinary term for small redworm?Cyathostomes
  40. 40Where do small redworms encyst?Large intestinal mucosa
  41. 41What is larval cyathostomosis?Mass emergence of hypobiosed larvae
    Massive inflammatory reaction
    Severe diarrhoea
    Often fatal
  42. 42What is the veterinary term for large redworms?Strongyles
  43. 43What problem is caused by large redworms?Verminous arteritis
    Migrate from GI tract to cranial mesenteric artery and back again
    Can cause ischaemic areas of the large intestine, which is fatal
  44. 44What is the veterinary term for threadworm?Strongyloides westeri
  45. 45Which group of horses is most susceptible to threadworm?Infects foals through dam's milk or via skin penetration
    Induces diarrhoea up to 6 months later
  46. 46What is unique about threadworm?Free living reproductive cycle
  47. 47What is the veterinary term for ascarids?Parascaris equorum
  48. 48At what age are horses most at risk of ascarids?6 months up to 2 years
  49. 49What problem can be caused by ascarids?Small intestinal obstruction therefore surgical colic
    Greatest risk after using an effective anthelmintic with a high burden
  50. 50What is the veterinary term for lungworm?Dictyocaulus arnfieldi
  51. 51What is the usual host for lungworm?Donkey
  52. 52What is the veterinary term for pinworm?Oxyuris equi
  53. 53What problem is caused by pinworm?Adults live in colon
    Females migrate down GI tract and deposit eggs around anus cemented to skin
    Results in development of severe anal pruritis
  54. 54What is unusual about the life cycle of a tapeworm?Intermediate host of Orabatid mite
  55. 55What problem is caused by tapeworms?Incidence of spasmodic colic increases with burden
    Infestation causes intussuseption (inversion of intestinal wall) and thickened SI wall at ileo-caecal junction
    Results in food impaction and surgical colic
  56. 56What is the veterinary term for botflies?Gasterophilus
  57. 57What is beneficial about low-level parasite burden?Reservoir population of parasites (refugia) helps reduce resistance
    Low level parasite infestation may help reduce incidence of some immune-mediated diseases
  58. 58How often should fields be poo-picked?Twice weekly
  59. 59What is interval dosing for worms?Routine treatment throughout year
    Frequency depends on egg reappearance period of product used
    Rotate between anthelmintic groups annually?
  60. 60What is the treatment frequency for avermectin?Every 8-13 weeks
  61. 61What is the treatment frequency for BDZ?Every 4-6 weeks
  62. 62What is the treatment frequency for pyrantel?Every 4 weeks
  63. 63Give 2 disadvantages of interval dosingLargely controls strongyles so additional treatment for encysted cyathostomes (unless using moxidectin) and tapeworm needed
    Encourages resistance as leaves no reservoir population
  64. 64What is targeted dosing?Based on faecal egg count
    Frequency of sampling depends on egg reappearance of last anthelmintic used, or every 12 weeks if negative
    Treat when over 200 strongyle eggs per gram of faeces
  65. 65Give 4 advantages of targeted wormingTypically a few individuals in each herd with much higher burdens
    Can be cheaper than interval dosing
    Identify high burdens e.g. of Parascaris so can treat more carefully
    Best currently known strategy to slow onset resistance
  66. 66Give 4 disadvantages of targeted wormingCosts same as tube of wormer
    Only counts eggs, not non-producing adults and encysted larvae
    Good at detecting herd problems but limitations for individual
    McMaster, most common method, rarely detects tapeworm
  67. 67What is a tapeworm ELISA?Blood test which looks for antibodies to tapeworm
  68. 68Give a disadvantage of the tapeworm ELISAIf an animal has been exposed and then treated, antibodies will remain high for up to 6 months
  69. 69Give a summary of targeted worming programmesTargeted programme for strongyles
    Treat for tapeworm twice a year
    Treat for encysted cyathostomes in early Winter
  70. 70How often should horses have a dental examination?Annual
    6 monthly if geriatric or problematic
  71. 71Which teeth can develop sharp edges?Maxillary teeth on buccal side
    Mandibular teeth on lingual side
  72. 72How often should a horse see the farrier?Every 6 weeks if shod
    Foot trim every 8 weeks if unshod
  73. 73How often should a horse's feet be picked out?Twice a day

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BVSc Year 1 (Animal Management) FlashCards sobre Equine Preventative Medicine, criado por Florence Edwards em 06-01-2016.
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