Flashcards
P1 Flash Cards
Flashcards do conjunto (55)
- 1States of matterThe higher up the higher the particle energy.
Plasma
Gas (GCSE)
Liquid (GCSE)
Solid (GCSE)
Bose Einsteinous Condensate - 2States of matter + HeatThe states of matter expand when heated. This is because their particles have more energy to move/vibrate.
- 3Changing states of matter
- 4Infrared Radiation- All objects emit and absorb infrared radiation.
- The hotter an object is the more infrared radiation it radiates in a given time.
- Dark, matt surfaces are good absorbers and good emitters of infrared radiation.
-Light, shiny surfaces are poor absorbers and poor emitters of infrared radiation.
-Light, shiny surfaces are good reflectors of infrared radiation. - 5Conduction- Occurs mainly in solids
-When heat is applied to one end, the particles gain kinetic energy - 6Convection- Can only happen in gases and liquids
- Heat is applied and particles gain energy.
- Fluid expands making the fluid less dense. This causes the hotter less dense fluid to rise.
- As it hits cooler fluid the fluid cools and loses energy making it more dense and it falls.
- This is a convection current. - 7The vacuum flask
- 8Waves Transverse vs. LongitudinalTransverse:
Up and down waves
Longitudinal:
Side to side waves - 9Transverse wave key termsWavelength:
Distance between two peaks, troughs or middles
Amplitude:
Distance from 0 line to peak or trough
Oscillation:
Perpendicular to the direction of the energy transfer - 10Longitudinal wave key termsCompression:
Squashed part of the wave
Rarefaction:
Spaced out part of a wave
Oscillation:
Parallel to the direction of the energy transfer - 11Extra diagram
- 12Mechanical waves Vs. ElectromagneticMechanical waves:
"Need a substance/Material to travel though" (A medium)
Electromagnetic waves:
"Do not require a medium to travel though" - 13Wave key termsFrequency:
Waves per second (HZ)
Velocity (M/s)
= Frequency x Wavelength - 14Electromagnetic spectrum- All transfer energy
-Can travel through a vacuum
-All travel at the speed of light.
Left end has high frequency and low wave length, the other end is the opposite. - 15Order of EM spectrumFrom right to left!!!
Randy men in vans use x-rated girls,
Radio, Micro, Infrared, Visiable, Ultra violet, X-rays and gamma. - 16Wavelengths and frequency in the EM spectrumWavelength has a range from 10(-15) to 10(4)
Frequency has a range from 10 (22) to 10(6)
(first number is gamma, last is radio) - 17Waves used in communicationRadio waves:
TVs, Radios, bluetooth head-sets, phones
Microwaves:
Phones, Satelight TV.
Infrared:
TV remote, fibre optic cables
Light:
Cameras, Fibre optics (No loss of signal unlike infrared) - 18Types of energyKids, Hate, Learning, G, C, S, E, Energy names:
Kinetic, heat, light, gravity potential, chemical potential, sound, Elastic potential, Electrical, nuclear. - 19Conservation of energyEnergy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred from one form to another
- 20Doppler effect in soundExample in a car:
As a car comes towards you the sounds waves in front are squashed causing them to be high frequency, and high pitch.
once the car has passed, the sound waves behind have space and therefore have a lower frequency and lower pitch. - 21Doppler effect in lightLike sounds:
Red shift:
As a object moves away its waves are allowed to stretch allowing there wave lengths to be larger making them seem red.
Blue shirt:
AS a object moves towards us, the waves are squashed, this means they have shorter wavelengths making them seem blue. - 22The big bang theoryThe idea that most galaxies are red shift to use. Therefore they are all moving away (some quicker than other) This makes scientists believe that everything moving outwards started from the same spot.
- 23Cosmic microwave background radiationRadiation theorised to be released at the beginning at the universe. Finding this radiation gives proof to the big band theory and has been found.
- 24Reflection Always remember arrows!!!Angle of incidence:
"Measured from the normal to the input line"
Angle of reflection:
Same distance from the normal as the first line however on the reflection side - 25How to show a reflected image in a plain mirror and its position
- 263 things you must be able to mention with the image above- Image is virtual
-Upright
-Laterally inverted - 27Diffraction (The spreading of waves)The smaller the gap it needed to get though the more the output wave spreads (diffracts)
The smallest gap is normally the size of one waveslenght. - 28Diffraction image
- 29Sound- Longitudinal waves
- Needs a medium to travel through
-Loadness is linked to amplitude
-Pitch is linked to frequency - 30OscilloscopeConverts longitudinal waves into visual transverse
- 31EchosWhere sound reflects off object
IMPORTANT IN SOME MEASUREMENT QUESTIONS WHEN YOU NEED TO DOUBLE - 32EvaporationParticles are attracted by forces on attraction.
Once enough energy is gained by heat, they are able to escape these forces and "fly off" (evaporate)
Liquid is cooler after evaporation as the heat is lost by the though the leaving particles. - 33How to affect evaporation rate- Surface area open (More SA and more evaporation.
- Higher temperature
- Wind or fan (Increase the speed particles move away from the surface - 34condensationParticles cool down and lose there energy
Move closer together
Gain attraction and the gas condenses into a liquid again - 35Heat loss Factors- Surface area
- The conductivity of the material the object is on (conduction)
- Conductive object (Will lose heat quicker)
Examples : Cooling fins ( High surface area) used in fridges and Car radiators - 36Heat loss in animalsLarge volume animals struggle to loss heat however they can have large ears to increase surface area for heat loss for example elephants.
Large volume animals which need to heat to stay have a low surface area for example whales. - 37U-Value (The rate of transfer though a material)Low U-Value - Low energy transfer (Good)
High U-Value - High energy transfer (Bad) - 38Specific heat capacityThe amount of energy required too raise the temperature of a 1KG substance by 1oc
E = M x C x Ø
J = KG x J/KGoc x oc
Energy transfer = Mass x SHC x Temp difference. - 39Payback timeThe period of time it takes to get all the money back on a technology (Insulation) so it pays for itself and you start to make profit
- 40Transferring electrical energy (Energy bill calculations)Amount of units x Cost per unit
On a meter you have two sets of numbers:
Top-Bottom is the number of units
1 unit = 1 Kilowatt hour (J) - 41E = P x TEnergy transferred (Kilowatt hours (J)) =
Kilowatts (KW) x Hours - 42Generating electricity turbineTurbine linked to a generator is what converts the kinetic energy to electrical energy.
- 43Generating electricitySteam:
-High pressure,
-Renewable,
-Fossil fuels used to create the heat :( (Now starting to use biofuels.)
- After used the steam is condensed to start the process again - 44Start up timesStart up time is the time from no production, then turning the machine on and electricity is being produced.
- Gas has the fastest and coal is slowest - 45Nuclear electricity- Produces heat though nuclear fission (Spliting up nucleasus over and over)
- After heat it is the same process as before
+:
Produce a lot of electricity.
No polluting gases.
-:
Radioactive waste
High decommissioning cost (The cost to get rid of a power station) - 46Water based renewable energyHydroelectric power (HEP):
Creating a Dam between a high body of water and low body of water. Then allow amounts of the water to pass though past the turbine.
- Does not give out a very high amount of electricity
- Very reliable
- No pollution - 47Water based renewable energy 2Tidal energy:
Tide between the ocean and land is dammed off. Tidal water is allowed to pass underneath passed a turbine.
- Does not give out very high amount of electricity
- Reliable if tidal
- No pollution - 48Water based renewable energy 3Wave energy:
Bell shaped device which floats on water. As the waves drive up and down at the bottom, air is forced up and pushes the turbine on the way up.
- Does not give out very high amounts of energy
- Reliable if waves are present
- No pollution - 49Geothermic energy- Built around volcanic areas ( underground heat)
- Cold water pumped deep underground, where it is heated by hot rocks and turned into steam, this steam rises up the other side and spins turbines.
- Can give out high amounts of energy.
- Very reliable
- No pollution - 50Solar cells ( Not solar panels)- Light into electricity.
- Does not give out much energy
- Not reliable (Light dependant)
- No pollution - 51Wind turbinesWind is used to turn the turbine.
- Not much energy produced
-Reliant on the wind
- No pollution
- Noisy - 52Pumped storageSame as HEP:
When in demand the water is allowed to flow though to produce extra energy.
During low periods, the water is pumped back up to the top by the turbine which uses electricity to act as a pump. - 53National GridParts (In order):
-Power station (11000V),
-Step-Up transformer (132000v and decreases current as current makes heat),
- Pylons,
-Step-Down transformers (240V) ,
- Target (Houses etc..) - 54CablingUnderground:
+ Hidden cables
- Expensive to install and repair, Added measures for heat and water.
Overground:
- Visual look, Possible health issues from the electromagnetic field
+ Cheaper and less added measures. - 55Waves and communicationMicrowaves can pass though the atmosphere!!
As Radio waves are reflected by the atmosphere we can use them for communication round the world.
Infrared can be used for fibre optics along with heat detection
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- GCSE Physics FlashCards sobre P1 Flash Cards, criado por Christopher Moore em 15-03-2016.
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- Christopher Moore
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