Flashcards
Energy
Flashcards do conjunto (44)
- 1Energy Mix of SwedenHEP 26%
Oil 29%
Nuclear 38% - 2Energy mix of IndiaHEP (1.3%)
Oil (22%)
Nuclear (0.8%) - 3UK Energy Mix Case Study70% energy from oil and gas (oil increased due to discovery of North Sea oil in 1969). Natural gas increased by 85% since 1990. Coal fallen by 40% since 1990 due to closure of mines. Renewable resources have increased but still below the EU average of 6%. Gazprom supplies 4% of Britain's gas supply.
- 4China Energy MixSince 2000, energy demand risen by 86% and by 2020 China is expected to account for 40% of the world's energy consumption. Energy demand pp low as low pop. 3% of world oil reserves. Coal supplies 75% of electricity. HEP accounts for 16%. Three Gorges Dam.
- 5China Energy Security¬ Not much diversification of energy sources as overuse of coal is present.
¬ Imports from many countries, e.g. Iran, Australia so secure
¬ Good military protection for energy supplies. - 6Supply of CoalChina, USA, India, Australia and South Africa are the top 5 coal producers and account for nearly 80% of global production.
China is the largest producer, responsible for 48% of global output.
In 2009, Coal supplied 27% of global primary energy needs, with the exception of south America, all continents have substantial reserves.
Coal will last for another 120 years. - 7Consumption of CoalMost coal is consumed domestically in the country of production (particularly in China, India and US).
Production and consumption of coal has doubled over the past 30 years.
Globally, it is still the major fuel for generating electricity (92% in Poland) and for steel making. - 8Trade of CoalCosts of coal are influenced by geological conditions, such as the depth of coal deposits, the thickness of coal seams, the quality of the coal, and the degree of faulting.
Coal is less transportable than oil and gas because of its: larger proportion of waste, its lower calorific value, its solid physical state, its lack of versatility. - 9Supply of OilThe Middle East is the main source. Saudi Arabia has 25% of proven reserves. The Middle East is the most important producer (40% of world oil exports).
Reserves in the North Sea and Canada, but are too expensive to extract at present. Russia and the UK are important producers.
Likely lifespan of oil is considered to be 40 years, the peak being reached now.
70% of the oil produced was from the middle east, US and Russia
World production in 2009 was 4 billion tonnes. - 10Consumption of OilBiggest consumers are North America, Europe and Eurasia and Asian Pacific. The Middle East is a much smaller consumer
Consumption per capita (bbl/day per 1000 people):
US: 61
Senegal: 3 - 11Trade of OilWestern Europe, USA and Japan are big importers of oil.
The USA especially obtains oil from many different sources – global – from Venezuela, Russia and the North Sea.
Europe is a big importer from the Middle East and China has an increasing demand.
Factors affecting price:
• Demand and supply
• political factors, such as terrorist attacks in Middle East, and unrest in oil-producing countries, such as Libya - 12Recent Changes in Oil• Production of oil in the last 30 years has grown 1.5x
• US and China have to import oil, despite them having a large amount already.
• Production has been stable in the Middle East since the 80’s, but Russia, West Africa and South and Central America have become major exporters. - 13Supply of Natural GasProducers of Natural Gas (billion cubic meters):
US: 700 (highest in the world)
Bangladesh:20
In the last 30 years, natural gas production has increased 3x, because gas reserves large and easier to transport
Qatar and Australia are major exporters of LNG
Lifespan: 60-100 years - 14Consumption of Natural GasAccounts for 20% global primary energy production.
Main Consumers (billion cubic metres):
US- 700
Bangladesh: 16 - 15Demand of Natural GasNatural gas is complex to handle and requires investment in pipelines, LNG carriers and storage facilities.
Pipelines are expensive, logistical and vulnerable to war and sabotage in regions of political instability.
EU becoming increasingly dependent on Russia for gas. - 16What are the key drivers for increasing demand in Energy¥ Continued industrialisation in Asia
¥ Mass motorised mobility in Asia and parts of Latin America
¥ Rural electrification in China and some other parts of Asia
¥ Affluence – per capita GDP is projected to rise in China from $4400 in 2010 to $12000-18000 by 2030
¥ Global population increase from 6.9 billion in 2010 to 8.3 billion by 2030
2007-2030 40% increase in energy demand but only 24% population increase - 17What is OPEC?• OPEC: sets oil production quotas for member countries in response to economic growth rates and demand-and-supply conditions.
• Boost supplies when demands rise and vice versa.
• It’s member states produce around 40% of the world’s oil and hold around 80% of proven oil reserves.
• Accused of holding back production in order to drive up oil prices
• Now weaker, as significant countries e.g. US have decided not to join. - 18Gazprom• World’s largest gas supply company, based in Russia.
• Sole energy provider to many eastern European countries (Estonia, Finland)
• Helped to re-assert Russia’s power and influence over former soviet states and neighbors.
• Some countries heavily reliant on Gazprom, reducing their energy security.
• EU planning own pipeline and aiming to become more energy secure.
• In 2009, a dispute between Russia and Ukraine resulted in Gazprom shutting off supplies (by pipeline to Ukraine, which led to gas shortages in Germany and other EU counties. - 19East Siberian Pacific Oil Pipeline- Russia• Benefits through profits
• New pathway to pacific markets
• Financed by Japan, so are building relations and decreasing tension.
• Russia, while relations with China are poor, are offering them 300,000 barrels of oil a day. - 20ESPOP- Japan• 3rd largest oil consumer but no reserves of its own, largely dependent on unstable middle east.
• In 2007 it imported over ¾ of its oil from the middle east.
• ESPOP would reduce dependency on middle east by 10-15%
• Wants to increase its economic and political influences with Russia. - 21ESPOP- China• Needs more energy to support rapid economic growth.
• Need more reliable supplies of energy.
• Needed a safe way of receiving energy (current route being attacked by pirates)
• Joint issue of US military presence as Russia. - 22Niger Delta Oil ConflictIn Port Harcourt, people live without fresh water and electricity, resulting in people turning to crime.
This includes kidnapping of oil workers and raids on oil rigs.
Area the size of England so difficult to police - 23General Points of ConflictMiddle East (over 50% of oil reserves are in a highly unstable region, which threatens production and causes a spike in oil prices.
Terrorism Threat- Al Qaeda/Nigerian Ethnic Tensions
Cargo worth $200 million has been seized by Somali pirates (piracy off the cost of east Africa reflects the political anarchy and civil war in Somalia)
40% of oil flows through pipelines, which are more vulnerable than tankers.
Saudi Arabia has 15,000km of pipeline, which is not well protected so a target for terrorists - 24General points of cooperationG8 met in 2006 to increase stability of energy markets.
Aim was to diversify energy mix, ensure security of energy infrastructure and reduce energy poverty.
TNCs such as BP are involved in cooperation with governments. - 25BP in IndustryBP is involved in all stages of the oil industry. It is a TNC that has its HQ in the USA, but its branches spread into countries across the world.
It has operations in 80 countries around the world
Total of 85,000 employees
To transport oil, BP use pipelines, like the Trans-Alaskan Pipeline System.
Produces around 200,000 barrels of oil per day from the North Sea alone - 26BP in Exploration¥ Considering the rock type/geology of area
¥ Helps to decide if rock filled with water, oil or gas
¥ Operating in many countries, such as Angola and Algeria.
¥ Has operations in around 40 offshore oil and gas fields in the UK. - 27Global Income of BP- $26,172 million
- 28BP in VietnamUS$6 million in community projects across Vietnam, with particular focus in Ba Ria Vung Tau Province
Provided over US$620,000 in sponsoring Vietnamese students to pursue graduate studies in the UK. - 29BP in Pakistan¥ Badin Region-Trained locals in construction and introduced contract proposal to interested local people
¥ BP Pakistan awarded small construction projects to locals
¥ To date around 4000 locals employed - 30Gulf of Mexico Spill¬ In 2010, there was a BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico
¬ 5 million barrels of oil spilled
¬ 11 people died
¬ Extensive damage to marine and wildlife habitats - 31Production of Nuclear PowerProduces 6% of the worlds total energy and 15% of the total electricity
Uranium reserves are 3.3 million tonnes, so are sufficient to last for several decades - 32ChernobylThe 1986 Chernobyl crisis caused 56 deaths and radiation caused 4,000 more radiation related illnesses. Radiation from the incident was detected as far as Ireland. 4km2 forest around Chernobyl died, and the area is still contaminated today. 30km was the size of the affected zone.
- 33Factors leading to fuelwood crisisFactors include the high demand on wood as the main source of energy in regions in the Sahel particularly.
¥ 90% of energy used for cooking here comes from wood.
¥ The consumption of the wood is greater than the amount which is being grown, which is making this a non sustainable source of energy.
¥ At the same time alternative sources of fuel including oil, gas and coal are much too expensive for these people to buy.
¥ Population growth has contributed to this crisis- as populations grew in size and tried to become self sufficient in terms of food production this reduced the amount of land available for foresting, reducing the amount of wood available for burning, yet a larger population to support. - 34Consequences of the Fuelwood Crisis¥ Illegal cutting of wood is occurring as people become more desperate for energy supplies, which is unsustainable.
¥ This leaves the land exposed and more at risk of erosion which can lead to the loss of ecosystems and lower productivity.
¥ Less vegetation could also lead to more seasonal run off which would result in seasonal flooding. - 35Solutions of the fuelwood crisis• Solar cooking is becoming more popular. It is a sustainable solution to an ecological and economic problem.
• Sunlight is used as the main fuel, sunlight converted to heat energy which is retained for cooking.
• Use dark pots as will absorb the heat. Shiny surfaces will reflect energy onto the pot and heat it up and cook the food. Price approx $200 - 36Tar Sands• Alberta, Canada has 3 major deposits of tar sands, which together cover an area larger than England.
• Could supply 16% of North America’s oil needs
• Extracted by open cast mining, which is very energy intensive, requiring 1 barrel of oil to produce 3 barrels of crude oil
• Produces a lot of greenhouse gases when being extracted
• Two tonnes of mined tar sands are needed to produce one barrel of oil, leaving a lot of waste behind. - 37HEP Case StudyCase Study- Nurek Dam, Tajikistan:
• The tallest dam in the world
• Has 9 HE turbines.
• In 1994, it supplied 98% of the country’s electricity. - 38Biomass Case Studies• Sewage from Thames water is treated in Didcot, biomethane is given off due to anaerobic digestion, and this gas could account for 15% of the UK’s domestic gas by 2020.
• Lockerbie, Scotland- Burns 470,000 tonnes of sustainable wood a year. Plant will save 140,000 tonnes of GHG emissions a year.
Brazil has been running an ethanol fuel programme since the 1970’s. - 39Solar Power Case StudyRizhao, China
• 99% of buildings have solar water heaters (now compulsory for new builds).
• Over 6,000 households use solar cookers
• Most traffic and street lights are powered by PV cells. - 40Wave Energy Case Study• In 2000, LIMPET in Scotland became the world’s first device that used wave energy on a commercial scale, it generates energy for the National Grid.
• In 2009, the Scottish government granted permission for the world’s largest wave energy project, could produce electricity to 1500 homes in the Western Isles.
• Cornwall- Wavehub- could provide energy for 7500 homes. - 41Tidal Energy Case Study• Rance Estuary tidal barrage in Northern France began operating in 1967. It’s the largest tidal power station in the world, producing enough electricity for over 19,000 homes.
• 80% of the UK’s river estuaries offer prime sites for tidal energy projects.
• Severn Estuary is a likely site. - 42Wind Power Case Studies- UKThanet wind farm
¥ 7miles off the Kent coast
¥ Worlds biggest offshore wind farm
¥ Cost £780million
¥ Covers 13.5square miles
The project will make a significant contribution to the Government's national and regional renewable energy targets - 43Wind Power Case Study- Denmark• Families are offered tax exemptions for generating their own electricity, either by investing in community turbines or buying their own.
• By 2004 over 150,000 households had joined this scheme.
• Denmark now produces 20% of its energy from wind power, the highest in the world. - 44DO MANAGING ENERGY! :D
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- AS - Level Geography FlashCards sobre Energy, criado por Rosie Carver em 27-04-2016.
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