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Flashcards

Integument

Florence Edwards Animal Health Science 2 BVSc Inglês 64 flashcards

Flashcards do conjunto (64)

  1. 1Define integumentumOrgan system comprising of the skin and associated structures
  2. 2Give the proportionality equation for the surface area of the skinSurface area proportional to:
    0.11 x body mass in kg^0.67
  3. 3What is the relevance of the surface area proportionality equation?Smaller animals have a larger surface area to volume ratio
  4. 4Give another term for integumentCutus
  5. 5What is the name for where integument fuses with mucous membranes?Mucocutaneous junctions
  6. 6What type of epithelium is found in the epidermis?Stratified squamous epithelium
    Keratinised - thickness of keratinisation varies depending on area of skin
  7. 7Which 2 structures attach skin cells to one another and to the basement membrane?Desmosomes
    Hemidesmosomes
  8. 8Give 5 functions of the skinProtection
    Sensory reception
    Pigmentation
    Synthesis
    Glandular secretions
  9. 9What are the 2 parts of the integument?Epidermis
    Dermis
    NOT hypodermis
  10. 10What is the dermis made up of?Thick layer of dense connective tissue, especially collagen
  11. 11What is the hypodermis made up of?Loose connective tissue and adipose tissue
  12. 12What is the blood supply to the epidermis?Avascular
    Relies on diffusion
  13. 13Describe the structure of a hair shaftInner medulla
    Outer cortex
    Covered by the cuticle
  14. 14What is the name for the muscle responsible for hairs standing on end?Piloerector muscle
  15. 15What do sebaceous glands and apocrine sweat glands drain into?Hair follicle
  16. 16What is the name for the bottom part of a hair follicle?Hair bulb
  17. 17What is the name of the blood supply to a hair shaft?Hair papilla
  18. 18Which type of nerve fibres supply piloerector muscles and eccrine sweat glands?Sympathetic nerve fibres (cholinergic)
  19. 19Give 4 examples of the veterinary relevance of the integumentUlcers and cysts
    Proud flesh
    Allergies
    Laminitis
  20. 20What is the difference between ulcers and cysts?Ulcer = bacterial infection
    Cysts = infection of sebaceous glands
  21. 21How is it possible to distinguish between an allergic response and a cyst?Allergies are more widespread
  22. 22What is proud flesh?Excessive healing leading to the formation of granulation tissue, especially in areas of movement
  23. 23Give 7 examples of the protective function of the skinPrevention of water loss
    External barrier to mechanical, thermal, chemical and UV damage
    Immune protection
    Temperature control
    Defensive behaviours
    Carrying young
    Self-repair
  24. 24Why is the skin useful for prevention of water loss?Highly waterproof due to lipid content
  25. 25How does the skin allow temperature control?Through piloerection and its vascular supply
  26. 26Give 2 examples of how the skin is involved in defensive behavioursPiloerection to appear larger
    Adaptation such as talons, beaks and claws
  27. 27Give an example of how the skin is involved in carrying youngPouch of marsupials
  28. 28Why is self-repair of the skin important?Wounds are a potential entry point for pathogens
  29. 29Give the 4 stages of skin repairInflammatory
    Proliferative
    Contraction
    Remodelling
  30. 30Why is exteroreception important?Allows maintenance of the body's homeostasis
  31. 31Give 3 types of nerve endings found in the skinFree nerve endings
    Disc-shaped nerve endings
    Encapsulated nerve endings surrounded by connective tissue
  32. 32What is the technical term for whiskers?Vibrassae
  33. 33Give 3 factors that affect skin colourNumber/type of pigment granules in epidermis
    Amount of blood
    Degree of haemoglobin oxygenation
  34. 34Where is skin pigmentation synthesised?Melanocytes in basal layer of epidermis and hair/feathers
    Synthesise melanin
    Taken up by keratinocytes in stratified squamous epithelium
  35. 35What colour are eumelanins?Black/brown
  36. 36What colour are pheomelanins?Red/yellow
  37. 37What type of radiation stimulates melanin production?UV
  38. 38Give 3 functions of skin pigmentationCamouflage
    Social signalling (display)
    Protection against radiation
  39. 39Describe the synthesis of active vitamin D in the body7-dehydrocholesterol in dermis
    Converted to vitamin D3 by UVB radiation
    Vitamin D3 hydrolysed in liver then kidneys (addition of hydroxyl group)
    Produces active vitamin D
  40. 40What is the function of active vitamin D?Acts on small intestine and stimulates uptake of calcium
  41. 41What is the clinical relevance of vitamin D?Animals housed year round require dietary supplementation of vitamin D to prevent conditions such as rickets
  42. 42What is the function of sebaceous glands?Secrete sebum which lubricates the skin
  43. 43Where do sebaceous glands release their secretion?Into hair follicles
  44. 44What is the name for sebum in sheep?Lanolin
  45. 45Which unusual type of sebaceous gland is found in guinea pigs?Grease gland for scenting and marking
    Dime sized area at base of spine
  46. 46Give 2 differences between apocrine and eccrine sweat glandsApocrine secretions are released into hair follicles, eccrine directly onto skin
    Apocrine sweat glands function in pheromone secretion
    Eccrine sweat glands function in temperature regulation
  47. 47Why do pheromones smell?Release odour upon bacterial degradation
  48. 48In which 2 species are eccrine sweat glands most important for temperature regulation?Humans
    Horses
  49. 49What is the name of the gland that produces tears?Lacrimal gland
  50. 50What type of gland is the mammary gland?Modified apocrine gland
  51. 51What is the name for the gland beneath the tail in birds, producing a waxy secretion for preening and waterproofing?Uropygial gland
  52. 52What are hair follicles?Invaginations in the epidermis, extending into the dermis to the hair bulb at the base of the follicle
  53. 53Why do hair and feathers require a good blood supply?Constant cycle of growth and shedding
  54. 54What is the clinical relevance of hair in dogs?In the 'resting phase' for the majority of the time, hence less affected by chemotherapy than human hair
  55. 55How does pigmentation reach hairs and feathers?Travels down follicles from the epidermis
  56. 56How does wool become matted?Shafts 'tesselate' together
  57. 57What are the 2 layers of fur?Primary = cover
    Secondary = down
  58. 58Describe the structure of feathersMain shaft with 2 vanes either side
    Barbs splitting off shaft
    Barbules splitting off barbs
  59. 59Why are oil slicks problematic in water birds?Disrupts interlocking of feather barbules which provides waterproofing
  60. 60Why are horn-covered structures very strong?Epidermal derivatives and the epidermis is highly keratinised
  61. 61What is the name of the waterproof layer of a horse's hoof?Periople
  62. 62What are lamellae?Projections of the epidermis in the hoof into the dermal layer and vice versa
    Infected during laminitis
  63. 63Give the layers of a horse's hoof from outer innerOuter periople
    Amorphous horn with cylinders of tubular horn growing through it
    Laminar horn
    Dermis (interlocks with laminar horn)
    Third phalanx
  64. 64Why is tubular horn important in the hoof?Constantly growing to compensate for wear

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BVSc Animal Health Science 2 (Locomotor) FlashCards sobre Integument, criado por Florence Edwards em 01-10-2016.
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