O GoConqr está de visual novo! Conte para nós o que você achou.

Registre-se grátis

Flashcards

Sem título

Nira Diamant Inglês 83 flashcards

Flashcards do conjunto (83)

  1. 1What is baseline?This consists of the environmental conditions and interactive behaviors existing and assessing possible causes of the behavior before any behavior modification plan is formulated.
  2. 2What is operant behavior? Give an example and indicate how the example fits the definition of operant behaviorOperates on the environment to generate consequences and is in turn influenced by those consequences. Example : Natalia has a migraine headache and takes Advil. Her headache subsided as a result of the medication
  3. 3What do b behavior modifiers mean by the term deprivation. Give an exampleThis is refers to the time during which an individual does not experience reinforcement. Example : Someone who smoked 16 cigarettes during a 10 hour period is told that they cannot smoke for 24 hours
  4. 4What do behavior modifiers mean by the term satiation. Give an exampleSatiation refer to the condition in which the individual has experienced the reinforce to such an extent that it is no longer reinforcing. Example : Giving a child $2.00 when he or she does chores. This may eventually not reinforce that desired behavior any longer
  5. 5Distinguish between the direct and the indirect acting effects of reinforcementThe direct acting reinforcement effect comes about when frequency of response is due to the immediacy of the reinforcement
    The indirect acting effect of reinforcement comes about even though the reinforce is delayed. This happens when anticipatory self statements occur between the time of the behavior and the delayed reinforce
  6. 6Give an example of contingent reinforcer that is not in this chapterA child must do his/her homework before going outside to play
  7. 7What is adventitious reinforcement? What is superstitious behavior? Give an example of each that are not in this chapterThis reinforcement occurs when positive reinforcement occurs accidently without preceding good behavior. Example : a father gives his son a treat when he gets home from work despite the child having a temper tantrum . Superstitious behavior are those that have been encouraged through the unhappy event of adventitious reinforcement. Example : a child will through a temper tantrum because he/she will get a treat
  8. 8What 4 qualities should a reinforce have ?Should be readily available
    Should immediately follow the desired behavior
    May be used over and over again without causing rapid satiation
    Does not require a great deal of time to be consumed
  9. 9Explain what an unconditioned reinforce is. Give two examples.This is a stimulus that is reinforcing without prior learning/conditioning. An example would be water for someone who is thirsty
  10. 10What are tokens?They are conditioned reinforcers that can be accumulated and exchanged for backup reinforcers
  11. 11Explain in two or three sentences what a token economy isA behavior modification program in which individuals can earn tokens for specific behaviors and can cash these in for backup reinforcers
  12. 12Distinguish between a simple conditioned reinforcer and a generalized conditioned reinforce. Explain why a generalized conditioned reinforcer is more effective than a simple conditioned reinforce.A simple conditioned reinforcer is paired with a single backup reinforcer. A generalized conditioned reinforcer is more effective. Praise is a generalized conditioned reinforcer that is established during childhood.
  13. 13Describe two pitfalls of conditioned reinforcement and give an example of eachUnaware-misapplication pitfall - the unknown pairing of conditioned reinforcers with stimuli that are meant to be punishing. Example : when an adult reprimands a child for behaving badly but never provides a backup punisher and the reprimand is accompanied by other adult attention
    Partial knowledge misapplication pitfall - ceasing to pair a conditioned reinforcer with a backup reinforcer can have unfortunate results. This will cause a conditioned reinforcer to lose its value. An example would be a teacher who uses happy faces as tokens for good behavior but fails to use backup reinforcers
  14. 14What are the two parts to operant extinction?If in individual in a given situation emits a previously reinforced behavior and that behavior is not reinforced then they are less likely to emit that same behavior in similar situations
  15. 15What is the difference between forgetting and operant extinction?Forgetting is a decrease in behavior that occurs as a function of a lapse of time and operant extinction happens when that behavior is not reinforced over a certain length of time
  16. 16Why is it necessary to consider the setting as a factor influencing your operant extinction program?By changing the setting you minimize how the setting or other people in that setting are acting to reinforce the behavior you with to decrease (e.g. a child who throws a temper tantrum in public may continue to do this due to other peoples reactions)
  17. 17What is spontaneous recovery? Provide an Briefly exampleThis is a return of the behavior you are trying to extinguish. An example of this would be a baby who you successfully got to sleep through the night had a sleepover at grandmas and now wakes up at night
  18. 18Briefly describe an example of a pitfall of operant extinction. Which type of pitfall does your example illustrateAn example would be your teenager clearing the driveway of snow without being asked. By you not thanking them and acknowledging their work you are applying the pitfall of unaware misapplication. You have unintentionally extinguished a desirable behavior by not acknowledging their hard work because they are less likely to do it in the future
  19. 19Identify the three basic stages in any shaping procedureSpecify the target behavior (running 5 km)
    Identify a response that could be used as a starting point in working towards the final target behavior (running for 10 minutes)
    Reinforce the starting behavior (reinforce running for 10 minutes by watching my favorite television show)
  20. 20Define shapingThe development of a new operant behavior by the reinforcement of successive approximations of that behavior and the extinction of earlier approximations of that behavior until the new behavior occurs
  21. 21What is another name for shaping?successive approximations
  22. 22Give an example of the unaware-misapplication pitfall in which shaping might be accidently applied to develop an undesirable behavior. Describe some of the stepsSuppose a child receives very little attention from family members when he performs appropriate behaviors. Perhaps one day the child accidentally falls/strikes his head lightly against a hard surface. A parent may come running quickly and make a big fuss over the incident. The child may continue to do this because that behavior gets his parents attention. As the parents eventually see that he is not injured they may begin to stop reinforcing that behavior and operant extinction occurs. The child may hit his head harder and harder to get his parents attention and an injury can occur
  23. 23Define CRF and give an example that is not in this text book.This refers to an arrangement in which each instance of a particular behavior is reinforced. Example : every time the student raises her hand the teacher responds
  24. 24Describe four advantages of intermittent reinforcement over CRF for maintaining behaviorReinforcer stays effective longer because satiation is slower
    intermittent behaviors take longer to extinguish
    individuals work more consistently on certain intermittent schedules
    behavior that has bee reinforced intermittently is more likely to persist after being transferred to reinforcers in the natural environment
  25. 25What is a free-operant procedure? Give an exampleIndividual is able to respond at various rates meaning that their are no constraints on successive responses. Example : A student has to read 10 pages in a book but he can decide how fast to read them. He may read a page in 5 or 10 minutes.
  26. 26What is a discrete trial procedure? Give an exampleThis means that the individual is not free to respond at whatever rate he/she chooses. Example : A mom will let her son use the family vehicle if he does the dishes for 3 days in a row.
  27. 27What are 3 characteristic effects of an FR schedule?produces consistent response rate
    the rate of responding increases with higher FR schedules
    post reinforcement pause
  28. 28Explain what a VR reinforcer is and provide 2 examplesA reinforcer occurs after a certain number of particular responses and the number of responses fluctuates and changes unpredictably from one reinforcer to the next.
    Example : asking a person on date because a person may have to ask several people out before one will say yes
    A gambler using a slot machine has no idea how many times they will have to put money in to win. It could be 10 or 20 times. If a gambler over the course of a day averages 13 times it would be VR 13
  29. 29Explain what an FI/LH schedule is and illustrate with an exampleThis means that a reinforcer is presented following the first instance of a particular response after a fixed period of time. Their is a deadline for meeting the response requirement. Example : a bar has happy hour every Friday from 6-9 PM
  30. 30Explain what a VI/LH schedule is and illustrate with an exampleA reinforcer is presented following the first instance of a particular response after an interval of time and the length of the time changes unpredictably from one reinforcer to the next. Their is a deadline for meeting the response requirement.
    Example : a burger has to be flipped over after 4-8 minutes and the average tme a person flips it is around 5 minutes. Once they are ready to be flipped you have 20 seconds otherwise they will burn. VI 5 minutes and LH 20 seconds
  31. 31Give two examples of how VI/LH might be applied in training programsThe timer game n the classroom - if they are working quietly when the timer goes off they get free play time - VI - 30 minutes LH - 0 seconds
    To train children to lay attention during lectures a teacher holds up a green cue card at random times during the 30 minute class lecture. She averages once every 10 minutes. When shoe does this the children have 5 minutes to write down the word
  32. 32Explain what an FD schedule is? Give two examplesA reinforce is presented only if the behavior occurs continuously for a fixed period of time. Example : a person must stay in the plank position for 30 seconds to pass his/her gym class. A person who wants to have a temporary tattoo must press on the tattoo for a long period of time otherwise it won't transfer onto the skin
  33. 33What are concurrent schedules of reinforcement?This is when two or more behaviors are reinforced on different schedules but at the same time. Example : having the choice of surfing the net, reading a book, or watching T.V
  34. 34What is a stimulus?Person, object or event currently present in one's surroundings that impinge on one's sense receptors and that can effect behavior (e.g. watching T.V or hearing the radio)
  35. 35What is an ABC assessment?It is when the antecedent, behavior and consequences of the behavior are identified
  36. 36What is an S (small triangle - delta) ?This is a stimulus in the presence of which a response will not pay off. An example would be a friend who loves to gossip but her circle of friends do not reinforce this behavior by participating in the gossiping. The SD would be the friends who do not partake in the gossiping behavior.
  37. 37What is an example of a stimulus that would be an SD ?An example would be a teenager who makes dirty jokes around his peers will likely get approval/laughs from them. SD would be the other kids and the response would be swearing. The reinforcer would be the approval/laughter from the other kids
  38. 38What is the stimulus discrimination training procedure and provide an example?This is a procedure of reinforcing in the presence of an SD and extinguishing the response in the presence of an S delta. An example would be a teenager who gets grounded from swearing at his mom. This behavior will likely extinguish. S(delta) would be the mom for providing the non-reinforcing behavior. The SD may be his sister for encouraging this behavior and cheering him on. He may learn to only swear in front of his sister and not his mom.
  39. 39What do we mean by a common-element stimulus class? by conceptual behavior? Give an example of eachThis is a set of stimuli all of which have one or more physical characteristics in common. An example of this would be a dog because their are different types of dogs but they have certain identical characteristics such as 4 paws and they bark.
    Conceptual behavior is when an individual emits an appropriate response to all members of a common element stimulus class and does not emit that response to stimuli that do not belong to that class. An example of this is pointing out food items when presented with a number of different items
  40. 40What do we mean by stimulus equivalence class and provide an exampleThey have no common stimulus elements that an individual has learnt to group or match together or respond to in the same way. An example would be the word Stop! And a red octagon in traffic signs even when they don’t stay the word “Stop
  41. 41What is the primary distinction between stimulus generalization involving common element stimulus classes and stimulus generalization involving stimulus equivalent classes ?Common element stimulus have some identical elements but in stimulus equivalent classes stimuli are different
  42. 42What I a contingency and provide an example ?This is a behavior that develops because of its immediate consequences and through trial and error. An example would be a toddler would cries at bedtime does this behavior because he/she knows this will get his/her parents attention and they will comfort them. The toddler will likely continue crying at bedtime due to the immediate consequence of this
  43. 43Distinguish between rule governed and contingency shaped behaviorRule governed behaviors would be an employee who shows up late to work for a week and is then fired for this behavior as he did not follow the rules of the job
    An example of a contingency shaped behavior is studying for 3 hours a night for a week before writing a test and getting an A. Getting a good grade is contingent on studying 3 hours a night for a week prior to the test.
  44. 44Give an example of how ignorance of stimulus discrimination training may lead parents or other caregivers to develop an undesirable behavior in a child or adult in their careAn example of this is when parents will give positive reinforcement for behavior even after it has been disobeyed several times before the desired behavior was performed. By giving positive reinforcement when the child performs the desired behavior on the fourth instead of the first you are reinforcing the behavior of not listening until they have been asked to do something several times
  45. 45Define error less discrimination training ?This is the use of fading procedures to establish a stimulus discrimination so that no errors occur
  46. 46Define the four major categories of teacher-behavior prompts. Give an example of eachphysical prompts (holding a toddlers hands while teaching them how to walk
    gestural prompts (a mom points to the cup and the toddlers mouth to indicate that he/she can pick up the cup and bring it to his/her mouth
    modeling prompts (the mom uses a spoon to show her toddler what to do with this utensil
    verbal prompts (a mom tells her daughter the steps needed to put her clothes in the washer)
  47. 47Define within stimulus prompts and give an example. Does your example involve a teacher-behavior prompt or an environmental prompt ?This is a variation of an SD and an S(delta) to make their characteristics more noticeable and therefore easier to discriminate. An example of this would be a mom who wants her child to brush her teeth. She can buy an extra large tub of toothpaste and place it right beside the child's toothbrush. The toothpaste tub size can be faded over several trials back to normal. This is an example of an environmental prompt
  48. 48Define extra stimulus prompt and give an example that is not from this chapter. Does your example involve a teacher behavior prompt or an environmental prompt ?This is something that is added to the environment to make the correct response more likely. An example of this would be a woman who wants to exercise at home will get a treadmill to do this. That is an environmental prompt
  49. 49Distinguish between a behavior sequence that is a chain and one that it not a chainPlaying a song on a musical instrument, brushing teeth and making a sandwich are all behavior chains. Not all behavior sequences are behavior chains. Studying for an exam, writing an exam, and attending the next class to get a grade represents a sequence of a behavior that a college student performs. But this sequence consists of a variety of activities with many breaks in the action.
  50. 50Describe the total task presentation chaining methodThe individual attempts all the chaining steps from the beginning to the end and continues until that learn the chain
  51. 51Briefly describe the backward chaining method ?The last step is taught first, then the next to last step is taught and linked to the last two steps and so on, progressing backwards towards beginning of chain (e.g. learning to count from 1-10 the teacher would first teach the student 10 and count backwards)
  52. 52Distinguish among the type of target behavior typically established by shaping, chaining, and fading ?Shaping established new behavior along some physical dimension such as topography, amount, or intensity. Fading establishes new stimuli control of a behavior. Chaining establishes new consistent sequence of a stimuli and responses
  53. 53Define limited responding DRL and give an exampleSpecifies a maximum allowable number of responses during a certain time interval in order for a reinforcer to occur. An example of this would be a teenager being told he/she is only allowed to swear one time in a 2 hour period and if he/she is successful then he/she will be able to watch an hour of television. Another example is getting a reward for smoking less then 2 cigarettes in a day.
  54. 54Define space responding DRL and give an exampleSpecified behavior does not occur during a specified interval and after that interval has passed, an instance of that behavior must occur in order for a reinforcer to occur. An example of this would be a child who eats too fast being told that he/she must wait 15 seconds before taking another bite.
  55. 55How would a DRL be useful to treat a behavior problem?Limited-responding DRL would be useful in treating a behavior problem because you are trying to slowly eliminate that behavior. An example of this would be a child who swears is only allowed to swear twice in 30 minutes and this interval gradually increases.
  56. 56Give in some details an example of how DRO might be used to treat a behavior problemDRO (differential reinforcement of zero responding) might be used to treat a behavior problem by setting 10 minutes for a child to not throw a ft. If he/she does this then they will get a reward.
  57. 57What is the difference between DRI and DRA ?DRI - differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior is deciding to decrease a target behavior by withholding reinforcers for it and by reinforcing an incompatible response
    DRA - differential reinforcement of alternative behavior is a procedure that involves the extinction of a problem behavior combined with reinforcing a behavior that is dissimilar to the problem behavior.
  58. 58Describe a pitfall of DRL for people who are ignorant of its effects. Give an exampleThe tendancy to unknowingle reinforce a desirable beajvour on a DRL causing that desirable behavior to occur at a low rate. An example of this would be when a child starts to preform well in school the teacher gives him lots of praise but this begins to fade as the teacher begins to expect good grades. The rate of reinforcement (praise) gradually declines and then the behavior (good grades) may occur less often
  59. 59How does the meaning on the word punishment for behavior modifiers differ from three meanings of that word for most people ?It occurs immediately after the problem behavior
    it is not a form of moral sanction
    it is not used to deter others from engaging in that target behavior
  60. 60Define unconditioned punisher and give an exampleThey are stimuli that are punishing without prior learning. An example would be a child who often runs across the street without looking both ways will give a spanking from his/her mom to indicate that this behavior is dangerous
  61. 61Describe four different types of punishment and give an example of eachPain-inducing punisher - activates pain receptors (spanking)
    Reprimand - strong negative verbal stimulus (saying no after a child engages in bad behavior)
    Timeout - individual loses the opportunity to earn reinforcers for a certain length of time (sent to room for 20 minutes)
    Response cost - involves removal of a specified amount of a reinforcer immediately following that behavior (a token for good behavior taken away because student was disruptive and would not listen)
  62. 62Distinguish between an exclusionary and non exclusionary timeoutExclusionary - removing individual briefly from a reinforcing situation.
    Non exclusionary - consists of introducing into the situation immediately following that behavior a stimulus associated with less reinforcement
  63. 63State the procedures for extinction, response cost punishment and exclusionary timeoutExclusionary timeouts - remove person from situation that may be reinforcing (e.g. timeout room)
    Extinction - a stimulus is withheld following a previously reinforced response
    Response cost - a reinforcer is taken away following an undesirable behavior
  64. 64Distinguish between the direct an indirect acting effects of punishment. Give an example of eachDirect acting effect - decreased frequency of a response because of its immediate punishing consequences (e.g. taking the car keys way from a teenager after they came home past their curfew)
    Indirect acting effect - weakening of a response that is followed by a punisher even though the punisher is delayed (e.g. a person who gets a ticket for speeding in a school zone a month after doing this is likely going to slow down in school zones)
  65. 65Compare SD to SDP. Give an example of eachSD - a stimulus in the presence of which a response will be reinforced (e.g. asking your parents for something when they are in a god mood)
    SDP - a stimulus in the presence of which a response will be punished (e.g.
  66. 66Compare S (delta) to SDPEverytime that the child swore the parents deducted 25 cents from his/her allowance and that as a result of the response cost contingency the swearing decreasing would be an SDP for swearing
    If the parents ignoring the swearing and the swearing decreased as a result of extinction then the sight of the parents would be an S (delta) for swearing
  67. 67What are four guidelines to delivering a punisher ?it is should presented immediately following the undesirable behavior
    it should be presented whenever the undesirable behavior occurs
    the delivery of the punisher should not be paired with positive reinforcement
    the person delivering the punisher should remain calm when doing so
  68. 68In two or three sentences either describe the lemon juice therapy with Sandra or the ice cube therapy with GerriGerri had profound intellectual disabilities and she had been grinding her teeth almost ever since she her permanent teeth had grown in. Her teeth were severely worn down and had danger of being lost. They settled on a mild reinforcement that every time Gerry audibly ground her teeth a staff member would touch her face with an ice cube for a couple seconds. Gerri's teeth grinding decreased significantly
  69. 69Cite six potential harmful side effects of the application of punishmentaggressive behavior
    emotional behavior
    escape/avoidance behavior
    no new behavior
    modeling of punishment
    overuse of punishment
  70. 70Give an example of functional communication training ?Children were taught a simple communicative response as an alternative to self abuse to certain staff attention. For example, the children would ring a bell instead to get staff attention
  71. 71Define escape conditioning and describe how it was used with JoanneThis involves the removal of certain stimuli immediately after the occurrence of a behavior, thus increasing the likelihood of that behavior. Joanne had a bad habit of slouching at work so she agreed to have an elastic cord attached under her clothes that would sense when she was slouching and emit punishing/unpleasant sounds. The tone would cease immediately f she improved her posture while it was ringing. This escape conditioning helped her go from slouching 60 % of the time to only 11 % of the time.
  72. 72In what two procedural ways is negative reinforcement different from positive reinforcement ? How are the affects similar ?In negative reinforcement the aversive stimulus comes immediately before the behavior but in positive reinforcement the positive reinforcer comes immediately after the behavior. In negative reinforcement the stimulus s removed and in positive reinforcement is given. Both reinforcements work to increase the target behavior
  73. 73Define avoidance conditioning and describe how it was used with JoanneThis is a contingency in which a behavior prevents an aversive stimulus from occurring thereby resulting n an increase in the frequency of that behavior. In Joanne's case a warning tone clicked before the aversive tone went off. Improving her posture ensured that the tone did not go off. By demonstrating the behavior of "good posture" she avoided the negative stimulus and this makes it more likely that she will display this behavior in the future
  74. 74Give another name for a warning stimulusConditioned aversive stimulus
  75. 75What is the name of the type of avoidance conditioning that involves a warning stimulus ?Discriminated avoidance conditionng
  76. 76What are two procedural differences between escape conditioning and avoidance conditioning ?Escape conditioning is about removing an aversive stimulus that has already occurred verses avoidance conditioning which prevents the aversive stimulus from occurring. In escape conditioning their s no warning stimulus but it s often used in avoidance conditioning
  77. 77Explain with an example of your own why an individual might unknowingly positively reinforce the undesirable behavior of another individualThis may happen if they are being influenced by escape or avoidance conditioning. An example of this would be a child who throws a tantrum at the store because he wants a toy. The mom gives into the child to escape the screaming. The child will now likely throw a tantrum the next time he wants something
  78. 78Describe three differences between operant responses and respondent responses ?Operant responses are controlled by consequences and responded responses are automatic responses to prior stimulus. Operant responses are voluntary behaviors and respondent responses are involuntary behaviors. Operant responses usually involve skeletal muscles and responded responses usually involve smooth muscles and glands
  79. 79Describe the conditioning procedures and the results of conditioning for operant conditioning (positive reinforcement only) and respondent conditioningConditioning procedures - operant conditioning - in the presence of a stimulus, a response is followed by a reinforcer. Respondent conditioning - pairing of a neutral stimulus with an eliciting stimulus prior to a response
    Results of conditioning - operant conditioning - a response is less likely to occur to the former Sd. Respondent conditioning - the CS loses the ability to elicit the CR
  80. 80Describe the extinction procedure and the results of extinction for operant conditioning and respondent conditioningExtincton procedure - operant conditioning - a response is no longer followed by a reinforcer. Respondent conditioning - The CS is no longer paired with the US
    Results of extinction - operant conditioning - response is less likely to occur. Respondent conditioning - The CS loses its ability to elicit the CR
  81. 81Describe the procedures that are major causes for each of the emotions of joy, anger, anxiety, and reliefPresentation of reinforcers produce joy
    withholding/withdrawing the reinforcers produce anger
    Presentation of aversive stimuli produce anxiety
    Withdrawal of aversive stimuli produce relief
  82. 82Summarize three important components that make up our emotionsThe automatic reactions that you feel during the experience of an emotion (respondent conditioning)
    The way you learn how to overtly express an emotion (operant conditioning)
    The way that you become aware of and describe your emotions (operant conditioning)
  83. 83What basic assumptions do the authors of this text make about public and private behaviors ?Although private behavior is more difficult to get at, behavior modifiers assume that in other aspects it is the same as public behaviors. This means that the principles of operant and respondent conditioning apply to private behaviors.

Informações

Descrição
FlashCards sobre Sem título, criado por Nira Diamant em 07-04-2017.
Criado por
Nira Diamant
Visualizações
2
Avaliação

Fale Conosco

Sobre o que é sua mensagem?

O que você acha do novo visual?

Você gostou?