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Flashcards

PHRM3031

Zoe Thomas Inglês 52 flashcards

PHRM3031

Flashcards do conjunto (52)

  1. 1Describe the evidence hierarchy.Describe the evidence hierarchy.
  2. 2What are the six steps of smart searching to find evidence?1. What is your question?
    2. What type of clinical question?
    3. What type of research is best for this type of question?
    4. What are the databases most likely to capture both the research method and topic?
    5. What are the best search strategies to use?
    6. How do I screen the search results?
  3. 3What is the acronym for creating an answerable question?P - population or patient
    I - intervention or exposure
    C - comparator
    O - outcome
  4. 4What are the 5A's in the evidence based practice process?1. Ask an answerable question
    2. Access the best evidence
    3. Appraise the articles
    4. Apply the information
    5. Audit
  5. 5What are the two main types of study design?Experimental and observational
  6. 6What is the common experimental study design?Randomised controlled trial
  7. 7What are the four observational study designs?1. Cohort
    2. Case control
    3. Cross sectional
    4. Ecological (population based)
  8. 8What types of questions can RCTs answer?Interventions
  9. 9What types of questions can cohort studies answer?Aetiology, prognosis, diagnosis and risks
  10. 10What types of questions can case control studies answer?Prognosis, diagnosis and risks
  11. 11What types of questions can cross section studies answer?Aetiology, diagnosis and frequency
  12. 12Describe cross sectional studies.Study population is ascertained at one point in time. Participants asked about current disease status (outcome) and their current and past treatments (exposure).
  13. 13Describe case control studies.Compare disease outcomes in case and control.
  14. 14Describe cohort studies.A group of individuals with a common characteristic are observed over time.
  15. 15What is it called when patients are analysed according to treatment patient was randomised to?Intention to treat - corresponds to real life
  16. 16What is it called when patients are analysed according to treatment patient actually received?Per protocol
  17. 17What is the best estimate of size of effect?Difference in means between the intervention and control group.
  18. 18What does INE stand for?The absolute risk (incidence) of events in control (not exposed) group (%)
  19. 19What does IE stand for?The absolute risk (incidence) of events in treatment (exposed) group (%)
  20. 20How is relative risk calculated?IE/INE
  21. 21How is relative risk difference calculated?1 - RR
  22. 22How is absolute risk difference calculated?IE-INE
  23. 23How is number needed to treat calculated?(1/ARD)*100
  24. 24Define surrogate outcomes.A causal biomarker that is currently accepted by regulatory authorities as an intermediate endpoint.
  25. 25Define cumulative incidence.The number of new cases that occur over the study duration.
  26. 26Define incidence density.Accounts for differential follow up times for patients.
    Number of people who develop the disease/ number of person years
  27. 27Define confounding.A characteristic correlated with both exposure and the outcome. Common confounders include age, gender, SES.
  28. 28What does it mean if OR > 1?Odds of exposure among cases is higher than odds of exposure among controls - exposure is potentially a cause of disease
  29. 29What does it mean if OR < 1?Odds of exposure among cases is lower than odds of exposure among controls - exposure is potentially protective of disease
  30. 30Define prevalence.The fraction of a defined population that have a particular condition at a specific point in time or at any time during a specified period.
  31. 31Define incidence.The rate of occurrence of a new cases of a disease, adverse reaction or other event in a defined population.
  32. 32What does prevalence give an estimate of?Magnitude of burden of disease
  33. 33What does incidence give an estimate of?Magnitude of disease risk.
  34. 34What is the outcome from screening processes?Reduced morbidity and mortality from the disease
  35. 35What are the three national based screening programs in Australia?1. BreastScreen
    2. National bowel cancer screening program
    3. National cervical cancer screening program
  36. 36Define sensitivity.The proportion of people with disease who have a positive test result.
  37. 37Define specificity.The proportion of people without the disease who have a negative test result.
  38. 38When is a sensitive test used?When there is an important penalty for missing the disease.
  39. 39When is a specific test used?When you want to confirm or 'rule in' diagnosis.
  40. 40Define positive predictive value (PPV).The probability of having the disease when the test result is positive.
  41. 41Define negative predictive value (NPV).The probability of not having the disease when the test result is negative.
  42. 42How do you calculate sensitivity?Number of people with positive test and have disease / total number of people with disease
  43. 43How do you calculate specificity?Number of people with negative test and do not have disease / total number of people without disease
  44. 44How do you calculate PPV?Number of people with positive test and have disease / total number of people with positive test
  45. 45How do you calculate NPV?Number of people with negative test and do not have disease / total number of people with negative test
  46. 46What is a narrative review?An expert critically reviewing the literature on a specific topic and makes a case for a particular interpretation of the data. Usually discusses and incorporates different types of evidence.
  47. 47What is the homogeneity assumption of meta analyses?Clinical trials are not repeated, different trials are conducted in different populations and in patients with differing levels of baseline risk.
    Typically we know the assumption is false, the question is whether the degree of heterogeneity is large enough to effect the observed result.
  48. 48What are the four key principles in bioethics?Respect for autonomy
    Beneficence
    Non-maleficence
    Justice
  49. 49Define pharmacoeconomics.The assessment of the costs of clinical outcomes associated with alternative drug treatments.
  50. 50Describe cost minimisation analysis.Compares cost in $ of alternative therapies that are considered to have identical effects.
    E.g. Generic vs brand pharmaceuticals
  51. 51Describe cost effectiveness analysis.Compares cost in $ between alternative programs to achieve a clinical outcome. Outcomes can be defined in terms of life years saved, injuries prevented, etc.
  52. 52Describe cost utility analysis.Measuring improvement in health on scale measure of both length and quality of life (quality adjusted life year).

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FlashCards sobre PHRM3031, criado por Zoe Thomas em 07-06-2017.
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Zoe Thomas
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