stem cells

STEM CELLS

POTENCY CLASSIFICATION AND BIOLOGY

DIRECT DIFFERENTIATION

UTILLITATION

totipotent

pluripotent

multipotent

oligopotent

unipotent

Embryonic stem cells (ESC)

Somatic stem cells

Human embryonic cells (hESC)

into cells of the whole organism

divide and differentiate

have

the highest differentiation potencial

FUNCTIONAL DIVITION

form

cells of all germ layers

Embryonic stem cells

Induced pruripotent stem cells (iPC)

ectoderm

mesoderm

endoderm

artifially generated

develop several types of blood cells

can

specialize in discrete cells of specific cell lines

several cell types

differentiate into

the narrow differentiation capabilities

characterized by

for example

a myelod cell can divide into white blood cells

the special property of dividin repeatedly

only able to divide to form one cell type

used in

regerative medicine

Examples

derived from

the inner mass of the blastocyt

involved in

the whole body development

differentiation

avoid teratoma formation

specific to

Embryonic bodies

used

instead of embryos or animals

to predict the effects on early human development

they own ethical restrictions

but

undifferentiated cells

differentiated cells

enable

the haeling, growth and replacement of cells

range of differentiation

neural cells

skin stem cells

haematopoietic stem cells

mesenchymal stem cells

REPROGRAMING

Cell passaging

to form smaller clusters of cells on a new culture

enzymatic dissociation

manual passage

cutting acction of enzymes and adhesion domains that bind the colony

trypsin utillitation

ethylenediamineteraacetic acid (EDTA)

focuses on using cell scratchers

automated hESC passage

indeirectly supresses cell-to-cell conections by chelating divalent cations.

risk of decreasing pluripotency

ESC or Somatic cells

+

Oct-3/4, Sox2, KLF4, and

c-Myc

transcription factors

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC)

reprograming KLF4, and

c-Myc

sources

leads to

mutations in the non-genetic region

can be

costumized and biocomplatible with patients

fibroblasts

kerantinocytes

renal epithelial cells

Teratoma formation assay

teratomas are bening tumours

can

grow rapidly in vivo

develop all three germ layers

invloves

formation rate

elevated in iPSCs

markers

subcutaneous injection of examinates iPSCs

then

an immature tissue can be observed

the injection site may impact in the teratoma formation

to differentiate the germ layers

endodermal

tissue

ectoderm

mesoderm

insulin/C-peptide and alpha-1 antitrypsin

cartilage

matrix protein and alcian blue

class III B botulin or

keratin

culture conditions

development of an inner cell mass

In medicine

In dentrisy

restric differentiation pahtways

and

generate cultures enriched in certain percursors in vitro

this will allow

promotion of homogenous and enhaced differentiation of ESC

groth factors

convert

stem cells

into

progenitor cells

the creation of cells that are compatible with the desired type of tissue

leading to

the efficiency depends on

functional maturity, efficiency, and, finally, introducing produced cells to their in vivo equivalent

Cell-based therapies

stem cells can be induced to become a specific sell type that is required to repair damage or destroyed tissues

is possible to form sperm from iPSCs for young adults at risk of lossin their spermatogonial stem cells (SSC)

Stem cells and tissue banks

iPSCs can be storated in a tissue bank to be an essential source of human tissue for medical examinations

Fertility diseases

Stem cells as a terget for pharmacological testing

stem cells as an alternative for arthoplasty

can be used in new drug test

applies to tendon injuries to conservative and surgical treatment

Stem cells of human exoliated decidous teeth (SHED)

causes no immune raction, simple and painless, low cost and have not ethical concerns

teeth have a large source of stem cells

Dental pulp stem cell (DPSC)

Peridontal ligament stem cells

Stem cell from apical papilla (SCAP)

Dental follicle stem cells (DFCs)

non-dental tissue by dental differentiation

have osteogenic and chondrogenic potential

can be insolated from adult tissue and foetal and are able to differentiate densely

located in te third molars

used in periodontal ligament or cementun tissue regeneration

they can differentiate into mesenchymal cell lineages

exist on the root and alveolar bone surfaces

produce collagen forming cells, adiposites and cementum tissue

mesenchymal structures located within immature roots

are source of ablast and cause apexogenesis

isolated from human immature permanent apical papilla

better choice for tissue regeneration

are loose conective tissues sorrounding the developing tooth germ

can differentiate into cementoblasts, oesteoblast and peridontal ligament cells

extracted from the sac of a third molar

a promising material for tooth regeneration

is possible to grow teeth from stem cells obtained extra-orally

pluripotent stem cells derivated from human urine were induced and generated tooth-like structures

the properties were similar to natural ones except for hardness

LIDIA HURTADO VICTORIA