Sem título

A02

IDA

Importation model-

Harer et al-

~58 us prisons

~black inmates ^ rates of aggression but low rate of ag from addition than white.

Patterns much racial differences in us society. suggesting personality trait imported.

x- groups more segregrated to abuse. AG In defence rather than personality same in institution and society.

x- correation data. cause and effect.

IRWIN AND CRESSY- one time offenders straights. shows they reject more aggressive prison subcultures. suggesting aggression imported by certain types of inmates.

Deprivation model

mccorkle- overcrowding, lack of privacy and lack of meaningful activity.increased peer violence.

support deprivation model

x- found ^ personal space in psychriatic institutions failed to decrease level of violent incidents among patients.

However, possible mental illness was a cofounding variable on the level of aggression.

Kane and Janus et al found that long periods of unemployment,

lower levels of education and a more serious criminal record

correlated positively with a greater likelihood of aggression

while imprisoned.

This shows pre-existing factors within prisoners

affect levels of aggression displayed within the prison settings

supporting the importation model theory.

Cheeseman found that with a lot of prison aggression there is a

lack of real purpose or goals other than to reduce of stress, outlining

factors of how deprivation can lead to stress, which then

expresses itself as violence.

Johnston found that prison overcrowding led to ^ aggression- ^ competition for resources and the

tendency to adopt violent defensive behaviours- individually or through the forming prison gangs. situational factors

caused this supporting the deprivation model.

McCorkle et al examined individual and collective acts of aggression in over 370 US prisons. Results found the deprivation model did not adequately explain prison violence rates; stronger link between

prison administrative practices and levels of violence.This link suggested that prison aggression occurred due to poor

management practices, high staff turnover and a lack of staff discipline rather than deprivation in the prison setting. One positive benefit of this research was the suggestion that

changes in the way institutions are run could lead to decreased aggression.

Light et al found that 25% of prison assaults had no apparent reason behind them and Goffman et al reported that prisoners

often attempted to hide their reasons behind aggressive actions. Therefore due to the methodological problems associated with measuring such institutional aggression; drawing scientific and measurable conclusions becomes difficult.

Gender bias- studies focus of male prisoners. Doesn't explain women. LIkley to have different reasons for aggression in prisons.

Nature- importation.

nurture- environment deprivation.

Real word application.studies, shape the way prisons are run.

support 4 importion and deprivation. deprivation- violence against prison staff

importstion - best explain violence against other inmates.