Cardiovascular system

Cardiovascular system

1. Heart

   • Muscular organ
     • 1. Endocardium
       • Connective tissue and endothelium
     • 2. Myocardium
       • Major portion
     • 3. Pericardium
       • Serious membrane
   • Parts
     • 4 atriums
       • Right/Left atriums, Right/Left Ventricles
     • 4 valves
       • Atrioventriculars
         • Tricuspid/Bicuspid
       • Semilunars
         • Aortic/Pulmonary
     • Septum
       • Separates Right/Left
     • Burkinje fib.
     • Papillary muscles
     • Chordeae tendinae
   • Right Ventricle
     • Sends oxygen-poor blood to the lungs
   • Left Ventricle
     • Sends oxygen-rich blood to the aorta and the system
   • Whole blood cycle (pulmonary and Sytemic)
     • Pulmonary
       • Superior/Inferior Vena Cava
         • Right Atrium
           • Tricuspid Valve
             • Right Ventricle
               • Pulmonary Valve
                 • Pulmonary trunk
                   • Right/Left Pulmonary Artery
                     • Arteriole
                       • Lungs (alveoli)
                         • Venule
                           • Pulmonary Vein
     • Systemic
       • Left Atrium
         • Bicuspid Valve
           • Left Venticle
             • Aortic Valve
               • Aorta
                 • Aorta artery
                   • Arteriole
                     • Capillary
                       • Venule
                         • Vein
                           • Superior/Inferior Vena Cava
   • Heartbeat
     • Whole cardiac cycle
     • Systole
       • Two atria contract simultaneously
         • Two ventricles contract
       • Systolic pressure
         • Pressure when contracting in the ventricles
     • Diastole
       • All of the chambers relax
       • Diastolic pressure
         • Pressure when relaxing in the ventricles
     • Sounds
       • Dup
         • Atrioventricular valves open
         • Semilunar valves closed
       • Lup
         • Atrioventricular Valves closed
         • Semilunar Valves open
       • Swishing
         • Leaky valve
     • Blood pressure
       • Systolic pressure over diastolic
         • Sphygmomanometer
   • Intrinsic Control
     • Sinoatrial Node (SA)
       • Upper portion of the right atrium
       • Initiates heartbeat
         • Sends impulses to the rest of the heart
           • Atria contracts
             • Pacemaker
     • Atrioventricular Node (AV)
       • Right atrium wall
       • Receives SA's message
         • Sends impulses through the atrioventricular bundle
           • The impulses arrive to the Purkinje fibers
             • Ventricle contracts
   • Extrinsic Control
     • Medulla Oblongata (Brain)
     • Influences the beat through the autonomic nervous system
       • Sympathetic division
         • Increases heart rate
       • Parasympathetic division
         • Decreases heart rate

2. Blood

   • Plasma
     • Blood volume
     • In/organic substances dissolved in water
     • Plasma proteins
     • Functions
       • Blood clotting
       • Transport
       • Fight disease
   • White Blood Cells
     • Fight infections,provide immunity
       • Nucleated, lack hemoglobin
         • 4,000 to 11,000 cells per mm3 of whole blood
   • Red Blood Cells
     • 4-6 million per mm3 of whole blood
       • Biconcave disc, no nucleus
         • Lasts 120 days
           • Destroyed in the liver
     • Lack
       • Anemia
     • Red Iron-containing pigment
   • Platelets
     • Formed from fragmentation of large cells
       • 150,000 to 300,000 per mm3 of whole bood
         • Aids in blood clotting
   • Functions
     • Transport
     • Regulatory
     • Protective

3. Blood Vessels

   • Arteries
     • Away from the heart
       • Three layers
         • Inner
           • Epithelium
         • Middle
           • Smooth muscle
             • Thickest
         • Outer
           • Loose and fibrous connective tissue
   • Veins
     • To the heart
       • Three layers
         • Epithelium
           • Contains valves
             • Prevent backflow of blood
         • Muscle (thinner)
         • Connective
     • Can expand and serve as reservoir
   • Capillaries
     • Mix materials between tissues and vessels
       • Join aterioles with venules
         • Once-cell thick
           • Networks

4. Electrocardiogram

   • Recording of the electrical changes in the heart
   • P
     • AT valves open
       • Dup
   • S-T
     • Semilunar valves open
       • Lup

5. Vascular Pathways

   • Pulmonary Circuit
     • Circulation of blood through the lungs
   • Systemic Circuit
     • Circulation of blood through the rest of the body

6. Capillary Exhange

   • Two forces that control movement
     • Blood pressure (hydrostatic)
       • Water, oxygen, glucose, and amino acids diffuse to tissues
         • Near arterioles
     • Osmotic pressure
       • CO2, water, and other wastes diffuse from tissues to blood
         • Near venules

7. Diseases

8. Coronary Arteries

   • Outskirts of the heart
     • Supply blood for the heart muscle

9. Hepatic Portal System

   • Blood travels from the intestines, to the liver, and to a vena cava