Mapa mental
Speaking: Air pollution
Conteúdo do mapa
Speaking: Air pollution
Prop: conscious / aware in Madrid
- It´s hard to get used to smog ( smoky fog) if you´re never lived in a city
Causes
- toxic fumes of diesel cars
- *fumes: noxious gases
- ammonia emissions from farming, wood, and coal fires
- *coal = carbón
- Tyre burning
- Tyre = pneumatic
- Open rubbish dumps
- Rubbish tip = garbage dump tip = dump (vaciar)
- Dust from construction sites
- toxic fumes of diesel cars
Consequences
- restrictions in traffic circulation
- Madrid had to declare an emergency and banned traffic for several days over Christmas
- Because of several Madrid areas breached = broke their annual limits for nitrogen dioxide
- not running in open air areas
- Worsen health public condition: heart and respiratory diseases, blood vessel conditions, strokes, lung cancers, and other long-term illnesses
- worsen = get worse blood vessel (vaso sanguíneo)= vein, artery or capillary
- Madrid lifted partial car ban as pollution eases
- *ease=reduce
- Madrid lifted an unprecedented ban on half of most private cars, as pollution in the Spanish capital ease up (be less severe).
- A day earlier and for the first time in Spain, authorities decided to implement a measure already used in other cities abroad by ordering vehicles with even-number registration plates to drive on even-number days and cars with odd-number plates on odd-number days.
- The measure took effect one day (on Thursday) but it was short-lived. Because in a tweet, Madrid city hall said it had lifted the partial ban from Friday "given the improvement in NO2 (nitrogen dioxide) and (weather) forecasts".
- The partial ban on cars is activated when levels of harmful NO2 (nitrogen dioxide) go extremely high and if the air is unlikely to clear imminently.
- There are exceptions to the ban, such as for mopeds ( motorbikes), those carrying three people or more or used by disabled people.
- Buses, taxis, emergency vehicles are also exempt (excluded, excused)
- But city hall said that some restrictions, such as a ban on parking in the city centre for non-residents, would continue as pollution levels had still not come down to satisfactory levels.
- Buses, taxis, emergency vehicles are also exempt (excluded, excused)
- There are exceptions to the ban, such as for mopeds ( motorbikes), those carrying three people or more or used by disabled people.
- The partial ban on cars is activated when levels of harmful NO2 (nitrogen dioxide) go extremely high and if the air is unlikely to clear imminently.
- The measure took effect one day (on Thursday) but it was short-lived. Because in a tweet, Madrid city hall said it had lifted the partial ban from Friday "given the improvement in NO2 (nitrogen dioxide) and (weather) forecasts".
- A day earlier and for the first time in Spain, authorities decided to implement a measure already used in other cities abroad by ordering vehicles with even-number registration plates to drive on even-number days and cars with odd-number plates on odd-number days.
- restrictions in traffic circulation
Solutions
- encourage to use public transport
- collect public funds
- It was inevitable in places like Madrid in the 19th century, when health wasn´t considered so important; but today, it is irresponsible to allow it, and the argument of economic development is not valid. We need to develop a different culture in our cities. We need much better public policies.
- Heavy investment in renewable energy has improved air quality in some areas
- we need much better public policies