Chemical Bonding

Chemical Bonding

1. Nobel Gases

   • all electrons are paired with opposite spins
   • outer shell contains 2 electrons- He and 8 electrons for all the others
     • made up of 2 in the s-orbital and 2 in each of the p orbitals
   • inert
   • make up 1% of the air
     • argon is most abundant
   • all, apart from radon, can be separated by fractional distillation of liquefied air

2. atoms combine so that each has eight electrons on their outer shell

   • unpaired electrons pair up by sharing or transferring electrons to form a chemical bond
   • Octet Rule

3. Ionic, Covalent, Metallic

   • Ionic Bonding
     • occurs in compounds consisting of a metal and a non-metal
     • electrons are transferred from the metal atom to the non-metal atom
       • form oppositely charged ions that attract
     • Ionic bonds
       • between a non-metal and a metal
       • electrons are transferred from the metal to the non-metal atom
         • oppositely charged ions are formed, which are bonded together by electrostatic attraction
       • is the electrostatic bond between oppositely charged ions
       • Giant Ionic lattices
         • each ion is surrounded by oppositely charged ions
         • these ions attract each other from all directions, forming a latticr
         • all ionic compounds exist as a giant ionic lattice in its solid state
   • Covalent Bonding
     • In compounds that consist of 2 non-metals
       • electrons are shared between the atoms
   • Metallic Bonding
     • occurs in metal
       • electrons are shared between all atoms

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