Learning

Learning

1. Classical Conditioning

   • Development
     • Pavlov
     • Unconditioned Stimulus
       • Unconditioned Response
         • Conditioned Stimulus
           • Conditioned Response
   • Conditioned Emotional Responses
     • Little Albert
       • struck steel bar with rat- US paired w CS to produce CR
   • Deeper Understanding
     • Cognitive Elements
       • Latent Learning&Cognitive Maps
         • Learning to trust:fMRI measures brain activity during trust activity
   • Basic Principles
     • Acquisition-phase when CS and US are presented together
       • Second-Order Conditioning-CS paired w stimulus that became associated w US earlier
         • Extinction & Spontaneous Recovery-continue presenting CS but stop US
           • Generalization & Discrimination-different CS but CR still observed
   • Neutral Stim. + Stim. that produces response

2. Operant Conditioning

   • The Law of Effect
     • Development of operant conditioning
       • Thorndike: instrumental behavior & Law of Effect
         • good consequences=behavior repeated, bad=not repeated
   • Skinner: Punishment and Reinforcement
     • Skinner Box: rats observed
       • Positive & Negative reinforcement
         • Primary and Secondary
         • Immediate vs. Delayed
   • Basic Principles
     • Discrimination, generalization, importance of context
     • Extinction
     • Schedules of Reinforcement
       • Fixed Interval schedule
       • Variable Interval schedule
       • Fixed Ratio Schedule
       • Variable Ratio Schedule
         • Intermittent Reinforcement: only some responses followed by reinforcement
     • Shaping through successive approximations
     • Superstitious Behavior
   • consequences of behavior determine whether it will be repeated

3. Obervational Learning

   • Humans
     • Children & BoBo Dolls-->
       • Diffusion Chain:learn from others then serve as models
   • Animals
     • Chimpanzees raised in human environment showed more specific observational learning
       • Cultural Influence on observational learning
   • Natural Elements
     • Mirror neurons in frontal lobe and parietal lobe
       • Motor Learning=Motor cortex

4. Implicit Learning

   • learning without awareness
   • Neural Pathways
     • Implicit: decreased activity in occipital region
     • Explicit: increased activity in left temporal lobe, right frontal, and parietal lobe
   • Cognitive Approaches
     • Habituation: explicit becomes implicit
     • Implicit is resistant to many disorders

5. Learning in the Classroom

   • Techniques
     • Distributed Practice
       • Practice Testing
   • Testing Aids Attention
   • Control of Learning

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