second language acquisition processes and theories

second language acquisition processes and theories

1. Universal Grammar

   • Noam Chomsky
   • every language can have its own unique things but they all share the basics.

2. Output hypothesis

   • Merrill Swain
   • meaningful output is as necessary to language learning as meaningful input
   • While learning English, students need to really be putting effort into learning. This means that they need to be communicating in English majority of the time (output) if that is what they are trying to learn (input)

3. Processability

   • Clahsen
   • learners restructure their L2 knowledge systems in an order of which they are capable at their stage of development

4. Noticing hypothesis

   • Richard Schmidt
   • learners must notice the ways in which their interlanguage structures differ from target norms

5. Competition model

   • MacWhinney, Bates, and Kliegl
   • Individuals use linguistic cues to get meaning from language, rather than relying on linguistic universals

6. Interaction hypothesis

   • Long
   • language acquisition is strongly facilitated by the use of the target language in interaction
   • If students are trying to learn English, then that is the language that needs to be used in the classroom. Therefore, lessons and worksheets need to be in English