Matter

Matter

1. States of matter

   • Bose-Einstein Condensate
     • Cool temperatures, near to absolute zero
     • All atoms become similar
     • Dilute gas interacting with bosons
   • Solids
     • Definite shape and volume
     • Particles can't move, are set in a fixed proportion
     • Solid to liquid: melting
     • Liquid to solid: freezing
   • Liquids
     • Definite volume, indefinite shape
     • Particles can move, but just throughout the liquid
     • Liquid to gas: vaporization
     • Gas to liquid: condensation
   • Gases
     • Indefinite shape and volume
     • Particles move freely
     • Gases to plasma: ionization
     • Gas to solid: deposition
     • Solid to gas: sublimation
   • Plasma
     • Plasma to gas: recombination
     • Ionized gas, which has an indefinite shape and volume
     • Good conductor of electricity
     • Flames, lightning, fire, nebula

2. Separation Methods

   • Sifting
     • Separation of materials by using a sieve
       • Particle size
   • Visual Sorting
     • Color, shape, size
     • The eye differences each of the materials
   • Decantation
     • Careful pouring off, separation of a liquid from solids
     • Use of density and solubility
       • Heterogeneous
   • Filtration
     • Use of a filter to separate a liquid from solids
     • Solubility is considered
   • Distillation
     • Separation of two liquids considering boiling points
     • Ex. Separation of salt from water
   • Crystallization
     • Formation of solid crystalls from a homogeneous mixture
     • The extra crystalls from the solution come out and make crystalls
     • Solubility is considered
   • Centrifugation
     • Separation of RBC from plasma, considering density
   • Electrolysis
     • Chemical method of separation
       • Use of electricity to split water molecles into hydrogen and oxygen atoms

3. Properties

   • Chemical Properties
     • Are seen when there is a chemical change taking place
   • Physical Properties
     • Physical Intensive
       • Do not depend on the amount
         • Color, density, boiling point, etc.
     • Physical Extensive
       • DO depend on the amount
         • Volume, mass, shape, etc.

4. Physically separated?

   • YES
     • Mixture
       • Is the mixture uniform?
         • YES
           • Homogeneous
             • Solution
               • Rubbing alcohol
         • NO
           • Heterogeneous
             • Particles
               • Medium-sized
                 • Colloids
                   • Milk
               • Largely sized
                 • Suspension
                   • Fresh-squeezed lemonade
       • Combination of two or more substances
         • In any proportion
       • Each components' identities are not changed
       • No evidence of reaction
   • NO
     • Pure Substances
       • Can they be physically separated?
         • YES
           • Compounds
             • Groups of elements
             • Table salt
             • Components in fixed position
             • Each of the components' identities are changed
             • Separated by chemical means
         • NO
           • Elements
             • Have specific properties and react in certain ways
             • Copper

5. Scientific Methods

   • Problem/Question
     • Question that can be clarified with an experiment
   • Research
     • Investgation about the topic
   • Hypothesis
     • Suppose a possible answer of the question
   • Experimental Design
     • Plan an experiment that will test the hypothesis
   • Recollection of data
     • Retesting
     • Draw graphs, include photographs, etc
   • Conclusion
     • State whether the experiment supported or rejected the hypothesis
   • Communicate results
     • Present to an audience the results
   • Variables
     • Independent
       • The variables thata the experimenter can control
     • Dependent
       • The affected variable, which depends on the variable controlled
     • Control Group
       • Standard of Comparison
         • "Experimenter selected group"
     • Constants
       • Factors that remain always the same
     • TrIals
       • Replicate groups on the same conditions

6. Scientists

   • John Dalton (1808)
     • Weight of atoms define their behaviors
     • Atoms are indivisible, indestructible
   • Joseph John Thomson (1904)
     • Discovery of the electron
     • Different charges in an atom
   • Ernest Rutherford (1911)
     • Discovery of the proton
   • Niels Bohr (1913)
     • Nucleus is positive, electrons are negative
   • Erwin Schrodinger (1926)
     • Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom
       • Behavior of the electrons
     • Electron Cloud Model
   • James Chadwick
     • Discovery of the neutron

7. Periodic Table

   • Atom
     • Smallest unit of matter
     • Fundamental particles
       • Proton
         • Neutron
           • Electron
             • Negatively-charged particle
           • Neutrally-charged particle
         • Number of protons = atomic number
           • Z
         • Positively-charged particle
   • Atomic Mass
     • Sum of protons + average number of neutrons
     • A
   • Mass number: addition of protons + neutrons
   • Isotopes
     • Different versions of same elements
       • Difference in number of neutrons
   • Valence Electrons
     • Electrons from the outermost layer of elements
       • Transferred
         • Covalent
       • Shared
         • Ionic
   • Types of materials
     • Metals
       • Excellent conductors of electricity
         • Malleable and ductile
         • Corrosion H2O
     • Non-metals
       • Don-t conduct electricity
       • Fragile
         • Dull
         • Some are gases
     • Metalloids
       • Ductile and malleable
       • Not so good conductors
       • Shine or opaque
   • Group Elements
     • Group 1
       • Alkali metals, greatest atomic radius
     • Group 2
       • Always found combined, alkaline earth metals
     • Transition Elements
       • Most common metals,
     • Group 14
       • Carbon
     • Group 15
       • Nitrogen - Most common element in the atmosphere
     • Group 16
       • Oxygen - Most common in the crust
     • Group 17
       • Most electronegaive elements
         • Halogens
     • Noble gases
       • 0% electronegative
     • Inner Transition
       • Rare Earth Elements
         • Actinides
         • Lanthanides
     • Group 13
       • Aluminum - Most common metal
   • Atomic radius
     • Distance between the nucleus and the valence e-
     • Increases right to left, up to down
   • Metallic Character
     • Tendency to get rid of val. e (positively-charged)
       • Increases right to left, up to down
   • Electronegativity
     • The ability to gain electrons and form chemical bonds (negative charged)
       • Increases from rleft to right, down to up
   • Ionization
     • The amount of energy required to remove an electron from the neutral form from an atom in its gaseous phase
       • Increases from left to right, down to up
   • Electron configuration
     • Can be summarized
       • [Ne]
   • Orbital diagrams
     • Aufbau
       • Lowest energy orbitals filled first
     • Pauli Exclusion
       • Two electrons can't have same quantum numbers
     • Hund's rule
       • Orbitals filled first with same spin first
   • Lewis Dot Diagram

8. Bonding

   • Ionic
     • Metal and non-metal
       • One gives +, the other one receives -
         • + Cation
         • - Anion
   • Covalent
     • Non-metals and non-metals
       • Similar electronegativity
         • Sharing of electrons rather than transferring them
   • Metallic
     • Force that holds atoms together in a metallic substance