Programming.

Programming.

1. Algorithms.

   • An algorithm is a process which leads to solving a problem.

2. Programming languages.

   • Machine code is a set of binary instructions which are used to perform tasks. Whereas High level code uses English such as symbols to create sequences of computer instructions and identify memory locations.
   • High level code- Translator-Machine code. High level code is written and Machine code is in binary, the reason why it needs to be converted is because computers only understand 1s and 0s (binary)
   • Assembler- Programming language processor that translates an assembly language program(the source programme) to the machine language) to the machine language program(the object programme).
     • Complier- translates source code into machine code.
       • Interpreter- during a development the programmer might make frequent changes, which can be tested without going through the time consuming process of compiling and linking for each change.

3. Common integrated tools and facilities: A source code editor, a complier and/ or a interpreter, automation tools, translator and a debugger.

4. Control flow in imperative languages.

   • Sequencing- the order in which statements are executed.
     • Input-Calculation-output.
       • IF statement: This technique is used when decision logic makes only one statement.
         • CASE statement: This technique is mostly used when the same decision logic can have different results or outcomes.
           • FOR WHILE AND REPEAT LOOPS: This instruction is useful when the same calculations have to be carried out for a known number of iterations. DO WHILE LOOP: technique the loop operates when a condition is satisfied and stops when this is no longer true.

5. Handling data in algorithms.

   • Variable: are used in computer programmes to store data that may change when the programme is executed. A constant is data that uses a literal value, which doesn't change in the computer programme.
     • integer: data type you can store any whole number. Real: data types are used when there is a decimal point with a fractional number. Boolean: data types are used for logical operations and have the value true or false. String: can be used to store an alphanumeric character, such as letter, digit, symbol or space. Character: data type can store a single alphanumeric character, such as digit, symbol or any punctuation marks.
   • One dimensional arrays: these are made with several elements of the same data type, they can contain the variety of data types, such as real, integer, character, string.

6. Testing.

   • Syntax errors: these are found when a programme is being complied. The compilation will not be completed until all syntax errors are changed and corrected.
     • Logic errors: when a programme produces an output, but t is incorrect or not as expected whilst developing programming.
       • TEST DATA: is used to test a system and consists of normal, erroneous data and extreme(or boundary) data. Test data should consist of normal data, extreme data and erroneous date.