Memory newest

Memory

1. Multi-store model

   • Sensory memory
     • Infomation is stored very easily and briefly from your senses. The duration is only for miliseconds but has a very large capacity.  If attention is paid to any info- it is then transferred to the STM.
   • Short term memory
     • This infomation is very fragile and has limited duration and capacity. In order to keep the infomation we have to do maintence rehearsal. 
   • Long term memory
     • To get infomation into the LTM we have to perform maintence rehearsal. Once in the LTM infomation is there forever due to unlimited duration and capacity. 
   • Evaluation
     • Supporting
       • Seperate stores
         • Glanzer and Cunitz - serial postion effect.  Gave PP a list of words and asked PPs to recall in ANY ORDER. Results. - PP recalled the words at the beginning of the list and at the end but not in the middle.  BEGINNING= REGENCY EFFECT.  -Transferred into LTM through maintence rehearsal.  END= REGENCY EFFECT. -Immediate recall. 
       • KF.
         • If one memory store is broken it can still work.  KF had brain injuries as a result of a motor bike accident.  LTM= INTACT STM=IMPAIRED. 
     • Against
       • Model is flawed
         • The MSM cannot explain why KF's STM was impaired whilst his LTM was impaired.  Multi store model suggests that all infomation must pass through STM to reach the LTM therefore the MSM is flawed. 
       • STM+LTM not unitary stores
         • MSM suggests a single store for STM and LTM but evidence suggests that there's different types on STM and LTM.  Example.  STM-KF.  Verbal :( Visual :)
         • Semantic memory
         • Episodic memory
         • Procedural memory
         • Perceptual represntation system

2. The working model of memory

   • Baddely and Hitch (1974) WHY? - Focused on STM ONLY and believed it was not a unitary store.  -If 2 tasks are both visual- :( -one visual and one auditory - :)
   • Central executive
     • Monitors incoming data and allocates 'slave systems' to tasks.  -Very limited capacity. 
     • Phonological Loop
       • Deals with AUDITORY infomation.  -Limited capacity. 
       • Phonological store
         • Temp storage system for holding verbal infomation (1-2 secs) 
       • Articulatory process
         • Silently repeats info to stop it from dissappearing. 
       • Visual- spacial sketchpad
         • -inner eye -deals with visual and spatial infomation  -limited capacity. 
         • Episodic buffer (LTM)
           • extra storage system -puts together infomation from all stores.
   • Evaluation
     • Supporting
       • Baddely (1975) Dual task techinique
         • TASK ONE -PP's were asked to complete a task.  (visual task and image task)  TASK TWO.  -PP's were asked to complete visual tast and verbal task.  PP's performed better on tast 2 as it involved using two different components (visual spatical sketpad and phological loop)
       • Bunge (2000)
         • -Used FMRI -Dual & single task.  FINDINGS.  -they found that there was an increase in FMRI activity when PP were engaged in a dual tast than when in a single task.  -This evidence suggests that dual processing can lead to INCREASED ATTENTIONAL DEMAND from the CE.
       • PL explains why work length effect occurs
         • BADDELEY.  -Presented workds for very bief periods of time.  -Condition 1= 5 short words.  -Condition 2= 5 long words. 
         • Findings.  -PP's recalled more short words than long words in immediate tast because short words take less time to articulate than long words.  -Phological loop holds the amount of infomation that you can say for 2 seconds.  -They also found that the word length effect dissappears if given ARTICULATORY SUPPRESSION TASK.  (saying 'the' whilst memorising the word list)
       • Brain damaged patients
         • Two components: verbal :( (stm)                                  Visual :) KF remebered words better if they were presented visually rather than auditory. 
     • Against
       • Problems with case studies
         • Cannot generalise with the entire population because everyone has UNIQUIE CHARACTERISTICS.  -Cannot compare before and after comparrison therefore it cannot be clear wether a change in behaviour is due to brain damage. 
         • CE: what is it?
           • -There is little infomation on how CE works and what it does.  -Too vague.  -Doesn't explain HOW it decides to allocate tasks.  -Unsure on how limited its capacity is.  -Possible that there is more than one CE. 
       • Challanged VSS
         • Liberman. -VSS implies that all spacial infomation was the first visulaised.  -Argues that blind people jabe exellent spacial awarness although they have never seen visual infomation. 
       • LH: Road accident
         • Case study.  -Performed better on a spacial tasta than those using visual imagery.  -Suggests seperate visual + seperate systems.  -Might not be a unitary store as proposed by previous research. 

3. Eye witness testimony.

   • "Evidence given in court, or in a plice investigations by someone who has witnessed a crime or an accident"
   • Loftus and Palmer: accuracy of EWT.
     • AIM: To see whether misleading questions can effect the accuracy of EWT recall.
     • PROCEDURE: -45 students -shown clips of car accident  -After each clip they were asked to descirbe what happened and had to answer a series of questions on the clip.  - one critical question: " About how fast was the car going when they... eachother?"  (Smashed, collided, bumped, hit, contacted)
     • FINDINGS.  Verb                               Mean speed. Smashed                       40.8 Collided                         39.3 Bumped                         38.1  Hit                                   34.0 Contacted                     31.8
   • Second experiment
     • AIM -To see whether missleading infomation alters storage or retreval.  -
     • PROCEDURE -150 students  -All saw the film of car accident  -Asked question about speed.  Group 1: smahsed  Group 2: Hit  Group 3:Control group A week later they were then invited to come back and were asked more questions including CRUCIAL QUESTION : "Was there any glass?" (there was no glass) 
     • FINDINGS: -PP's in the smashed group gave high speed estimate and were more likely to report seeing broken glass. 
     • CONCLUSION -This study shows that post event infomation effects initial storage and retreval 
   • Evaluation
     • Supporting
       • Loftuz & Zanni (1975)
         • -Showed PP's a short film of a car accidnet -SSome asked: "Did you seee a broken headlight?" -Others: "Did you see THE broken headlight?"
         • FINDINGS -PP's were more likely to say "yes" if they were asked the question with the word "THE" (THE implies that the headlight was there)
         • CONCLUSION -Effect of the wording can effect the accuracy of recall. 
       • Good reliability
         • -Controlled conditions; able to contol extraneous variables.  -Establish cause and effect. 
     • Against
       • Ethical issues
         • PSYCHOLOGICAL HARM -PP's may have been destressed by the film; emotioanl reaction may have an impact on how they recall the findings.  DECEPTION -Deception was needed otherwise the result s would be meaningless and this would result in DEMAND CHARACTERISTCS. 
       • Low population validity
         • Student->cannot generalise to the rest of the population. Other ages have the knowledge of car speed through experience and educational background. 
       • Low ecological validity
         • LAB STUDY -> Not representative of real life. In lab studies PP's may not take the experience seriously. In real life situations there is an element of fear and shock and response is more important (the victims)
   • Is it reliable? Yuilee and Cutshall
     • They said that eye witness testimony is realiable in real life. 
     • PROCEDURE  -13 people were interviewed who witnessed a real life armed robbery in Canada.  -Witnessess were then reinterviewed 4 months after which included 2 misleading questions
     • FINDINGS  -Despite these two questions, the witnesses gave accurate recall which matched their inital recall. 
     • CONCLUSION EWT is reaible in real life.
     • High ecological validity
       • As they were using people who were apart of the inital crime (more convincing research) 
     • Real world application
       • EWT is often relied upon police.  -L+P research was very important in convicing people that EWT can be unreliable and has led to changed in the reliance in EWT in court cases.
   • Factors influencing accuracy of EWT
     • Anxiety
       • A state of uneasiness and apprehension in response to some kind of threat or danger
       • Decrease the accuracy
         • Weapon focus effect
           • Anxiety resulted by the weapon in an event can narrow the focus of attention away from the criminal's face
           • Loftus et al (1979)
             • AIM -to investigate how WFE effects the accuracy of eye witness recall. 
             • PROCEDURE  -Sat outside a waiting room.  CONDITION 1: -Low key discussion when dissucion was over a man emerged holding a pen with a greasy hand.  CONDITION 2: -Heated discusiion. Man emerged holding a paper knife covered in blood.  PP's were then asked to identify the man from a set of 50 photos. 
             • RESULTS  Condition one: 49% accurate  Condition two: 33% accurate.
             • CONCLUSION: This shows that: HIGH LEVELS OF ANXIETY CAN REDUCE THE ACCURACY OF FACE RECONGITION. As the PP's are focusing on the weapon rathee than the criminal's face. 
             • Evaluation
               • Supporting
                 • High ecological validity
                   • This is a FIELD EXPERIMENT as the PP's were unaware they were being observed at the time. Minimal demand characteristics. Results can be generaliable to real life setting.
                 • Research focus
                   • Used EYE-TRACKING to record eye movements.  -Found that eye witnesses did look more at the weapon rather than the criminal's face
               • Against
                 • Ethical issues
                   • PSYCHOLOGICAL HARM -Unexpectidaly exposed to anxiety/ e.g blood=distress.  DECEPTION -Didn't know they were being observed therefore can't give full consent. 
       • Increase accuracy
         • Chrsitianson and Hubinette
           • 58 witnesees to real-life bank robberies  -some were onlookers. (A) -Others were directly victims/threatned (B) PP's were interviwed at the start, 4 months and 15 months. 
           • FINDINGS All the witnesses were consistant. However those who were directly threatneded remebered more about the robbery.  ANXIETY DOES NOT REDUCE THE ACCURACY OF RECALL. 
           • Evaluation
             • Supporting
               • High ecological validity
                 • -Natural enviroment (acutall witnesses)
             • Against
               • No control of extraneous arteries
               • Findings may not be true for non-violent crimes
                 • Aderaline of violence may effect results.
               • Halford et all
                 • -Victims of violent crimes were more accurate in their recall than victims of non-violent crimes 

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