Forces Shaping Physical Features

Forces Shaping Physical Features

1. Weathering

   • Definition:Wear away or change the appearance or texture of something
   • Chemical:
     • Carbonation:
       • The mixing of water with carbon dioxide to make carbonic acid
     • Hydrolysis:
       • The chemical breakdown of a substance combined with water
     • Hydration:
     • Oxidation
       • The reaction of a substance with oxygen
     • Leaching
       • The process when rocks are dissolved when exposed to rainwater
   • Physical
     • Thermal
       • Breakdown of rocks and soil by heat
     • Freeze
       • Water seeps into the cracks, freezes and expands, and causes the rock to break apart.
     • Exfoliation
       • Cracks develop parallel to the lands surface
     • Abrasion
       • Moving particle sediment abrade the surface of exposed rock
   • Biological
     • Weakening rocks by plant, animals, or microbes
   • Factors that Affect the Rate Of Weathering
     • Geology
       • A rock's exposure
       • A rock's exposure to weathering
     • Vegetation
       • The more types of vegetation has a greater rate of biological weathering
       • The vegetations increase the rate of weathering
     • Climate
       • Exposure to different climates
       • High temperatures and rainfalls increase the rate of weathering
     • Relief
       • A steep relief
       • Difference of steep can increase the amount of vegetation, which would increase the rat of biological weathering
     • Aspect
       • Rocks that are constantly bombarded by natural agents
       • Rocks are constantly being bombarded by natural agents
     • Humans
       • They can increase acid rain and pollution
       • They increase acid rain and pollution

2. Erosion

   • Definition: The process of eroding by natural agents
   • Physical Process of Erosion
     • Rainfall & Surface runoff
     • Rivers and Streams
     • Chemical erosion
     • Coastal Erosion
     • Glaciers
     • Foods
     • Wind Erosion
     • Mass Movement
   • Factors Affecting The Rate Of Erosion
     • Climate
     • Topography
     • Tectonics
     • Vegetative Cover
   • Erosion of Earth System
     • Mountain Ranges
     • Soils

3. Transportation

   • Forces of Transportation
     • Gravity
       • The Gravitational force between objects increases
         • Ex. rock falling down and landing in a different location.
     • Water
       • Helps transport the pieces of the rock around
         • Ex. A river washing off the peices of rocks, making them move to different location from where it was orginally found.
     • Wind
       • Helps transport the materials
         • Wind blowing pieces of rock
     • Glaciers
       • The water that melts allows the materials to be transported
         • Pieces of rock are broken off from the glacier, and are later moved into a different area.
   • Definition: Movement of material across the Earth's surface

4. Deposition

   • Definition: Laying down of sediment carried by ice, water or ice
   • Types of Deposits
     • Floodplains and levees
       • An area of land which is covered in water when a river bursts its bank
     • Alluvial fans
       • Triangle-shaped deposits of water, transported materials.
     • Sand Bars
       • It's a submerged or partly exposed ridge of sand that was that is built by waves offshore a beach
     • Terraces
       • The result of any hydrological climatic shift.
     • Sand Dunes
       • Occurs when the wind slows down or some obstacle clumps the sand
     • Moraines
       • Parallel ridges of debris deposited along the side of a glacier

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