Unit 1 Systems Architecture

Unit 1 Systems Architecture

1. CPU

   • Embedded systems
     • An embedded system is a combination of hardware and software that is designed to carry out a certain task or tasks, meaning it has a specific function. They are 'embedded' within a larger electrical system.

2. ALU

   • An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital circuit used to perform arithmetic and logic operations. It represents the fundamental building block of the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer. Modern CPUs contain very powerful and complex ALUs.

3. FDE

   • In simpler CPUs the instruction cycle is executed sequentially, each instruction being processed before the next one is started. In most modern CPUs the instruction cycles are instead executed concurrently, and often in parallel, through an instruction pipeline: the next instruction starts being processed before the previous instruction has finished, which is possible because the cycle is broken up into separate steps.

4. Von Neumann Architecture

   • His computer architecture design consists of a Control Unit, Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU), Memory Unit, Registers and Inputs/Outputs. Von Neumann architecture is based on the stored-program computer concept, where instruction data and program data are stored in the same memory.

5. MAR(Memory address register)

   • In other words, MAR holds the memory location of data that needs to be accessed. When reading from memory, data addressed by MAR is fed into there (memory data register) and then used by the CPU. When writing to memory, the CPU writes data from MDR to the memory location whose address is stored in MAR.

6. MDR(Memory Data Register)

   • A memory buffer register (MBR), commonly referred to as a memory data register (MDR) is the registering a computer's processor, or central processing unit, CPU, that stores the data being transferred to and from the immediate access storage. The MDR is a two-way register.

7. Clock Speed

   • Clock speed improves the cpu because it allows the cpu to process more instruction.

8. Core

   • A core is part of a CPU that receives instructions and performs calculations, or actions, based on those instructions. A set of instructions can allow a software program perform a specifffunction. Processors can have a single core or multiple cores in most cases the more cores the faster and more instructions that the computer can process at once.