Nonverbal Communication

Nonverbal Communication

1. everything about us that sends a message of some kind without words

2. No graphic or verbal

3. Influenced by context, culture, personality, gender & group composition

4. Impression management

5. FUNCTIONS

   • Repeat the verbal message
   • Contradict
   • Emphasise
   • Complement
   • Substitute for verbal cues
   • Accent-specific parts of verbal message
   • Regulate-flow of conversation

6. The Linguistic-Kinesic Analogy

   • parallel to language structure
   • has forms similar to words
   • Kinesic behaviours function like words, sentences, paragraphs
   • KINESICS/BODY LANGUAGE
     • Hand gestures
     • Facial expressions
     • Eye movement
     • Posture

7. DYSSEMIA

   • People who have difficulties interpreting nonverbal cues of others
   • Send out inappropriate nonverbal cues
   • low self monitors
   • low Emotional Intelligence
   • Low self awareness

8. OCULESICS

   • Facial expression
   • Iris psychologically changes with emotions (dilation)
   • Avoiding eye contact
   • Length of eye gaze

9. FACIAL EXPRESSIONS

10. COMMUNICATING EMOTIONS

    • EMOTIONAL CONTAGION: Emotions spread from person to person very quickly in positive or negative ways EMOTIONAL RECOGNITION: The ability to recognise the emotions of others EMOTIONAL LABOUR: Suppressing or exaggerating a felt emotion or expressing an unfelt emotion (masking or false face {Leathers, 1998}) Emotions may be amplified (exaggerated) or de-amplified (minimised e.g. poker face)
    • The clue is the absence not the presence of a specific facial movement. When grief is truly felt the eyebrows are pulled up in the centre of the forehead so they appear to angle down from the centre of the forehead to the outer area of the forehead, usually accompanied by short wrinkles above the eyebrows in the centre of the forehead.

11. PROXEMICS

    • The study of the spatial relationships between individuals in different contexts & different relationships Influenced by age, authority, status, gender, relationships, culture Intimate relationship; personal relationship; social relationship; public relationship
    • AN INDICATOR OF POWER & DOMINANCE
      • Powerful people express dominance by occupying more space, sitting in open positions Where people sit at a meeting Dominant individuals may not return a smile Size and placement of an office Where they sit in a taxi or chauffeured car Who goes through a door first

12. HAPTICS

    • A subset of Proxemics & influenced by similar elements Can communicate a range of emotions Forms of greeting across cultures Influenced by context, e.g. Body contact sports Appropriate & inappropriate touching in a workplace context

13. ARTEFACTS

    • Those things with which we adorn our bodies: Clothing Tattoos Jewellery

14. PERSONAL PHYSICAL FACTORS

    • Plays a major role in recruitment & selection First impressions often based on this Service organisations understand & manipulate the power of physical characteristics on customers Importance reflected in reality TV shows, advertising, super models Strongly associated with stereotyping

15. PARALANGUAGE

    • cues can communicate feelings/emotions of a speaker
    • Pitch, volume, rhythm, pausing, tone, pace, segregates (ahh, ahem), inflection, emphasis
    • The extralinguistic features that accompany speech

16. CHRONEMICS

    • How people conceptualise or think of time All communication starts at a point in time, takes time & ends at another time Influenced by national culture & organisational culture Can explore timing of events, punctuality, emotional response to timing, length of pause in conversations
    • SUBJECTIVE APPROACHES: personally constructed INTERSUBJECTIVE APPROACHES: social & shared in groups/teams OBJECTIVE APPROACHES: beyond the personal & social e.g. work start, finish break times, fiscal years, deadlines
    • MONOCHRONIC Do one thing at a time Concentrate on the task Take time commitments seriously Committed to the task Accustomed to short-term relationships
    • POLYCHRONIC Do many things at once Highly distractible, subject to interruptions Casual about time commitments Committed to people Tend to build life time relationships
    • PSYCHOLOGICAL TIME
      • PAST ORIENTATION Reverence for the past; relive old times; old methods are best PRESENT ORIENTATION Live for the present, not for tomorrow; hedonist FUTURE ORIENTATION Look toward & live for the future; save for tomorrow; make sacrifices to prepare for the future

17. OTHER ASPECTS

    • PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT – house, office, car, furniture, decor, pets, cars OCULESICS – eye movements including gaze OLFACTICS – body odour, fumes, aromatherapy, sex pheromones CHROMATICS – the use of colour to create meaning MUSIC – emotions WRITING – style, structure, punctuation, UPPER CASE, emoticons DANCE

18. NVC AND CORPORATE BRANDING

    • IMAGE ADVERTISEMENTS NVC can be processed much faster than text Recall of NVC elements is better than verbal elements Can be processed much quicker than text Focus on qualities of a brand rather than benefits Combines with music

19. PRINCIPLES

    • Occurs in a context Behaviours are usually packaged Always communicates Is governed by rules Is highly believable Is metacommunicational