SOLUTIONS

SOLUTIONS

1. liquids containing two or more components

   • A homogeneous mixture, which may be solids, liquids or gases, or a combination of these.
     • Some are pure substances, such as water (H2O), Bromine (Br2), but more commonly are solutions.

2. SOLVENT: Component present in the greatest quantity of the solution. the solute is dissolved in the solvent

   • SOLUTE: Substance dissolved in the solvent

3. CONCENTRATION

   • Volume of a liquid
     • dmˆ-3
     • Volumetric Analysis
       • Find the concentration of a substance in a solution by its volume.
       • TECHQNIQUE
         • Titration: Used to determine the reacting volume precisely.
       • INSTRUMENTS
         • Pipette: Used to measure a known volume of one of the solutions into a conical flask
         • Conical Flask: laboratory flask which features a flat bottom, a conical body.
         • Burette: A calibrated glass tube can deliver precise volumes into the conical flask through opening the tab bottom
       • Equivalent point
         • The point at which two solutions have reacted completely.
         • Indicator
           • Determines the equivalent point. It is added to the solution in the conical flask and changes color at its end-point.
         • End - point
           • The end part of the indicator where it shows if the solution has reached the equivalence point
   • c = n/V
   • PPM (Parts per million)
     • Unit of concentration
       • Denote one part per 10ˆ6 by mass.

4. Standard Solutions:

   • Prepared by chemists
     • The mass of solute is accurately measured and transferred to a volumetric flask,
       • Calibrated for a specific volume. the solvent is added with swirling to help the solute dissolve until the final level reaches the mark on the flask

5. STOCK SOLUTION

   • The starting solution before it is diluted.
     • DILUTION
       • Makes a solution less concentrated than the starting solution. a solvent is added to dilute the solution