FIRST TERM

FIRST TERM

1. THE WORLD TODAY

   • GLOBALISATION
     • WHY?
       • HISTORICS EVENTS
         • The fall of the Berlin Wall
         • The dissolution of the Soviet Union
         • The end of the Cold War
       • CONSECUENCES
         • Marked the start of a new period in history
       • DISADVANTAGES
         • International conflicts
         • Migrations
         • Urban and demographic problems
     • GOBALISATION
       • LATE 1980's
         • STEADILLY INCREASING
           • ALL SOCIETIES IN A SINGLE SYSTEM
             • They depend on
             • Interact with each other
             • Economically, socially, politically, culturally
     • ECONOMIC GLOBALISATION
       • CAUSE
         • Expansion of Capitalism
       • CONSEQUENCE
         • Changed the map of global production
           • Tertiarisation and financialisation
             • Cause
               • Steady rise in international trade
               • Remuval of custom barriers
             • Consequence
               • hight mobility of production factord
           • Concentration of wealth
             • Cause
               • Manufacturing,financial and military powers
                 • Concentrated in rich countries
             • Consequence
               • More inequality on lots of societies
           • Multinationals
             • Cause
               • Control of a large part of production
             • Consquence
               • Expansion of the networks into countries through subdiaries
           • Goverments bodies are now of secondary importance
             • Cause
               • Economic decisions are no longer exclusively controlled by governments or group of governments
               • Governement bodies are now of secondary importance
             • Consequence
               • The power of large financial corporations and multinational companies
               • Which can influence the decisions not only of all kinds of goernments, but also of international organiations
           • Economic inestability and increasing inequality
             • Cause
               • The growth of financial movements
               • Unregulated financialisation of the economy
             • Consequence
               • Economic inestability
               • Increased inequality between the rich and the poor.
           • Offshoring
             • The high mobility of productive resources.
             • Countries
               • Emisor
                 • Unemployment
                 • loss of purchasing power
               • Recepors
                 • To exploit cheap labour in places with limited labour rights.
                 • There has not always been an improvements in house hold purchasing power and living standards either
           • Unemployement and loss of purchasing power
     • SCCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL
       • Communications
       • High technology
   • CONFLICTS
     • XX1 CENTURI
     • Causes
       • Economic differences
       • Historic unresolved conflicts
       • Intolerance
     • Consequences
       • GEopolitical tensions
       • Civil conflicts
       • Wasr between nations
       • Territorial disputes
       • Terrorims
   • MIGRATION
     • Large population movements of migrants with different motivations
     • Types
       • Why?
         • Forced
           • because of wars, persecution, natural disasters…
         • Voluntary
           • leave to seek a better future
       • Time
         • Temporal
           • They return to hom after a period of time
         • Permanent
           • Permanently stayed in the destination country
     • CONSEQUENCES
       • Origin country
         • Advantages
           • Lots of remitances recived
           • Overpupulation alleviated
         • Disadvantages
           • Proffesonals have to leave the country
           • Most of pupulation are children and elderly.
       • Destination countries
         • Advantages
           • Average age of the population is lowered
           • Interaction between countries
           • More productivity and the level of employment
             • WORKFACE
           • Culture is enriched
         • Disadvantages
           • Public services become overwhelmed
           • Xenophobia and racism can be created
   • URBAN PROBLEMS
     • In 2007, it was estimated that more than half of the World´s population was living in cities.
       • Why?
         • Cities gives more advantages
           • Employment opportunities
           • More services and facilities
       • Constant Growth
       • Disadvantages
         • Enviromental degradation
           • Pollution
             • air
             • water
             • noise
         • Supplies and waste magement
           • Consume lots of
             • Raw materials
             • energy
           • Waste problems
         • Social segregation
           • There are groups that are clearly different for economic, ethnic, religious or cultural reasons.
           • Tend to live in specific areas
             • Some ethnic o religious minorities
             • Inmigrants from the same country
             • Families with very low incomes
         • Housing
           • Inner city decline and the growth of the urban population
           • More houses need to be built
             • High prices
             • High demand
             • A generalised increase in the cost of housing in all developed countries
           • Property speculation
             • A lot of people need a house
               • Grow the demand
                 • Need to build more huses
                   • increase in the cost of housing in all developed countries.
                     • Despite urban prosperity, large pockets of poverty
   • POPULATION
     • The population is the number of inhabitants living in an área at a certain time.
       • 7.3 billion people
         • will be 9.7 billion in 2050
       • To undrstand this
         • Birht rate
           • : The birth rate is the number of people who are born in a population
         • Death rate
           • The death rate is the number of people who die in a population.
         • Life expectancy
           • It is the number of years a person is expected to live on average.
         • Natural growth
           • Natural growth tells us how a population has developed or changed in a specific period.

2. THE WORLD OF GLOBALISATION

   • A WORLD IN CONFLICT
     • Central and South America
       • Drugs in Mexico and Colombia
       • Paramilitary and guerrilla groups in Colombia
       • USA and Cuba
       • USA and Venezuela
     • Russia's neighbouring
       • To rewaken tensions
       • Ukranian Civil war
     • Africa's forgotten conflicts
       • Coltan and ethnic group
       • Boko Haram and Al Qaeda
       • Unresolved conflicts in Morocco and Western Sahara
       • Somalia
     • The middle East
       • Palestine and Israel
       • Syrian Civil War
       • 2003 Iraq's invasion
       • ISlamic states
     • Central Asia
       • Iran VS USA VS Israel
       • Extremist terrorist activity
       • Tibetan and Uyghur separatist in China
       • Nuclear power
     • Pacific
       • Try to control it the aliens os USA
         • Tension with China
       • Conflicts
         • South Korea
           • USA, Japan
         • North Korea
           • China
     • Arab Spring
       • 2011 revolutions agains the goverment began in Tunisia
         • Dictatorial goverments
         • Unstable economic conditions
   • COUNTRIES AND LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT
     • INDICATORS TO CLASSIFY THE COUNTRIES
       • Information about the economy
       • Demographic and urban features
       • The level of social and cultural development
     • COUNTRIES BY DEVELOPMENT LEVELS
       • Developed
         • GDP per capita and consumption is very high
         • Great cultural and social development
         • Democratic political systems
         • They have advantageous business relationships with respect to undeveloped countries
         • Industrialized countries in which the tertiary sector predominates
         • Rich nations that control international institutions
         • The interests of their companies and governments are a priority
       • Developing
         • Underdelopment
           • The consumption per person is very small
           • They maintain dependency relationships with developed countries
           • Political instability
           • Poorly industrialized
         • Emerging econimies
           • HIGH RATES OF ECONOMIC GROWTH
           • DEGREE OF INDSUTRAILIZATION SUPERIOR TO THE DEVELOPED COUNTRIES.
   • INTERNATIONAL DECISION-MAKING BODIES
     • The United Nations
       • includes every officially recognized state in the world
       • It was created in 1945 following the Second World War.
       • Functions
         • Guarantee international security and peace
         • Defense of human rights
         • Humanitarian assistance
       • Institutions
         • general Assembly
           • deliberation
           • It is made up of representatives from all member countries.
         • Security Council
           • decision
           • permanent: - China - Russia - United Kingdom - United States - France.
         • Secretariat
           • Proposing, putting into practice and supervising actions
         • International Court of Justice
           • Trying and settling case
       • LIMITATIONS
         • Dependence on financial contributions
           • Some countries do not pay on time
           • Others use these contributions to try to influence the organisation´s decisions
         • The enormous power held by the five countries with the power of veto on the Security Council
         • The lack of armed forces to make sure its resolutions are obeyed
           • This is compensated for by UN peacekeepers.
       • ORGANS UNITED NATIONS
         • FAO
           • Food and Agriculture Orrganisation
         • ILO
           • INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION
         • UNESCO
           • UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANISATION
         • WHO
           • WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION
         • UNICEF
           • UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN´S FUND
         • UNHCR
           • UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES
     • NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS (NGOs)
       • Facts
         • When
           • In the final decades of the 20th century
         • cause
           • In response to the injustice and inequality en the world, especially in the poorest countries.
         • origin
           • The first NGOs appeared in developed countries
         • Consequence
           • Greater public awareness of issues
       • MAIN CHARACTERISTICS
         • Most of their staff work as volunteers, although they do also have paid employees
         • They are funded by membership fees and contributions from companies, institutions, and individuals
         • They opérate independently of any governmental power
         • They deal with a wide variety of problems
           • NGOs work to solve one or more specific porblems and to respond to emergencies and natural disasters
     • REGIONAL ORGANISATIONS
       • All the countries of the planet
         • They meet and relate
           • In organisms
         • • Promote political and economic cooperation of a large region of the world.
       • NAMES
         • African Union AU
         • Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASEAN
         • Organisation of American States OAS
         • European Union EU
     • INFORMAL FORUMS
       • BRICS
         • Group of emerging economies
           • Brazil Russia India China South Africa
         • They believe that international organisations should be reformed
           • Should be reformed so that there is more proportional representation. This would reflect the influence of these countries on today´s economy
       • G7 (1973)
         • This group is made up of the countrires with the most economic and military power
           • The United States Japan Germany The United Kingdom France Italy Canada
         • G7 doesn´t have any decisión- making power, but the group´s proposals regarding policies and economics are often later put into practice by international organisations
     • ECONOMIC ORGANISATIONS
       • The World Trade Organisation WTO
       • North American Free Trade Agreement NAFTA
       • International Monetary Fund IMF
         • Prevent financial crises
         • It advises governments on economic matters
         • Gives loans to members countries
       • World Bank
         • provide loans to governments so that they can carry out reform projects and programmes in their countries.