Changing Populations

Changing Populations

1. Glossary

   • Proportional Map = size country in population terms
   • Population Distribution = how spread population, describe as even/uneven
   • Population Density = number people per square km, describe as dense/sparse
   • Urbanisation = movement from countryside to city
   • Counter-urbanisation = movement from city to countryside
   • Gentrification = improvement houses & area caused by rich moving in
   • Population Pyramid = population figures by age & gender cohort
   • Fertility Rate = average number babies woman has in lifetime
   • Infant Mortality = number babies per 1000 die before age 1
   • Migration = movement people one place to another

2. Why do people live where they do?

   • Human Factors = little choice to move (financially), good economy (availability jobs), availability resources, access transport networks, political stability & social provision
   • Physical/Natural Factors = climate, water supply, risk natural hazards, soil fertility, landscape & food supply

3. Migration

   • Migration within country internal, migration between countries international
   • Temporary, seasonal or permanent
   • Rural-Urban Migration = common in LEDC's because... high population increases cause food shortages in rural, people believe urban places of job opportunities & access to services (e.g. hospitals & schools), crop failures lead to lack of money meaning life of poverty in countryside, few jobs outside city
   • Urban-Rural Migration = common in MEDC's because... urban areas seen as places of crime/noise/pollution, rural areas seen as places where quiet/community, rural areas thought have good quality schools, increased wealth & car ownership allows easy access, people retire to countryside

4. Why do populations change over time (DTM)?

   • Stage 1 = high BR, high DR, low population total Stage 2 = high BR, low DR, rapid population rise Stage 3 = falling BR, low DR, population rise slows Stage 4 = low BR, low DR, high population total
   • The DTM has some issues because... DTM predicts 250 years from stage 1-4 but countries have done it quicker, based UK & Sweden but every country different, now Stage 5, other factors (e.g. religion, culture, migration & war)

5. Factors Affect BR & DR's

   • BR = availability education in country, wealthy country/or not, level infant mortality, health care, religious beliefs, cultures
   • DR = natural disaster/hazards, war/conflict, food supply, diets, disease, education

6. Issues of an Ageing Society

   • Economic = less people working age, less income for city, tax increases
   • Social = housing provision, public services, retirememnt towns, family structures
   • Environmental = landscape change, natural habitats risk

7. Case Study = China

   • During late 1970s & in attempt to slow down population growth, Chinese government introduced one child policy. Benefits given to families that obeyed rule & withdrawn from those who didn't. Fines placed on families had more children. Policy resisted in rural areas as traditional have large families. Gender-selective terminations common.
   • Impacts = BR fallen considerably in last 30 years, rate population growth 0.7%, large numbers female babies ended up homeless (in 2000, 90% foetuses aborted female), gender balance distorted
   • Ling Term Effects = falling BR leading to unbalanced population structure, number elderly people rising, fewer people working ages to support number of elderly dependents

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