Hard Engineering

Hard Engineering

1. Sea Walls: to reflect wave energy

   • Advantage: it is an effective way to apply it on high density
   • Disadvantages: it is costly to made and it only have a lifespan of 30 - 40 years

2. Revetments: to absorb wave energy

   • Advantages: It doesn't cost as much as a sea wall
     • Disadvantages: this also applies almost similarly like the seawall, it have a limited lifespan

3. Gablons: rocks to absorb wave energy

   • Advantage: cost cheaper than both revetment and sea walls
     • Disadvantages: Small in scale

4. Groynes: prevents the happening of longshore drift

   • Advantage: easy to maintain, repaired in low cost
   • Disadvantage: The presence of erosion/ downdrift slide interrupt sediment flow

5. Rock armour: Large rocks at base of cliffs, absorb wave energy

   • Advantage: Ain't expensive
   • Disadvantage: Ugly/isn't attractive and can be easily removed by huge storms

6. Offshore breakwaters: reducing wave power offshore

   • Advantage: Cheap to build
     • Disadvantage: it disrupt local ecology

7. Rock strongpoints: it may reduce longshore drift

   • Advantage: it is cheap and it have a lowcost to maintain it
     • Disadvantage: it might disrupts things like: erosion, longshore drift, downdrift

8. Cliff face strategies: reduce impacts of sub-aerial processes

9. Cliff drainage: removal of water from rocks in cliff

   • Advantage: cost-effective
   • Disadvantage: Drains may become weakness and dry cliffs may produce rockfall

10. Vegetation: Increase interception and reduce overland flow

    • Advantage: Cheap
    • Disadvantage: it can increase moist in the soil and can lead to landslide

11. Cliff Regrading: lowering the slope angle in order to make cliff safe

    • Advantage: it is useful on clay
    • Disadvantage: It needs of a large amount of land, therefore it is impractical in heavily populated areas

12. Cliff base management: stop cliff or beach erosion