information processing

information processing

1. models of information processing

   • welfords model
     • sensory information
       • vision, hearing and proprioception to be aware of what is happening around us (see the ball coming)
     • sense organs
       • everything happening in the environment for example position of team mates, the referee, opponents (the position of other players on the cricket pitch)
     • perceptual mechanism
       • this is the process in which the information from the previous stages are interpreted and made sense of, detection, comparison, recognition (you realise the ball is coming towards you)
     • effector mechanism
       • the motor programme is put into action by sending an impulse via the nervous system to the required muscles, (the triceps/biceps brachi) to move the arms for the catch
     • response (effectors)
       • the muscles (the effectors) carry out the movement for example the ball is caught
     • feedback
       • intrinsic feedback or extrinsic feedback
   • whitings model
     • display
       • involves all stimuli such as players/ environment/ ball
     • receptor systems
       • vision, audio and proprioception
     • perceptual mechanism
       • involves the detection and interpretation of the information
     • translatory mechanism
       • the decision making part that helps to select the correct motor programme
     • output
       • the information is recieved by the appropriate muscles which causes them to move
     • feedback
       • intrinsic or extrinsic

2. memory

   • short term sensory stores
     • all stimuli from the environment are held for (0.25-1 seconds), it has a very large capacity but it acts as a filter removing all irrelevant information. this could involve seeing a fan in the crowd wearing a pink tshirt but forgetting it because it is relevant to the game
   • short term memory
     • this is the work place of memory it can hold 5-9 pieces of information for up to 30 seconds, it compares information to previous experiences stored in the LTM in order to select the correct motor programme
   • Long term memory
     • information that has been learned and practiced and become habitual is stored here. it has limited capacity and motor programmes are stored here and are selected after the perceptual process
   • strategies to improve memory
     • practice/rehersal, linking, simplicity, organisation, imagery,meaningful, chunking, uniqueness, enjoyment, positive reinforcement

3. improving performance

   • reaction time
     • the time between the onset of the stimulus and the start of the movement in response to it. a printer applying pressure on the starting blocks
     • factors effecting reaction time
       • Gender, age, distance of limb, personality (extrovert/introvert), body temperature, motivation, sense organ used, warning, stimulus intensity
   • movement time
     • the time it takes from the start of the movement to the finish, the sprinter pressing on the blocks to them crossing the line.
   • response time
     • response time is a combination of reaction time and movement time
     • improving response time
       • experience, selective attention, warm up, anticipation (spatial/temporal), physical fitness, levels of arousal, practice, mental rehersal
   • pyschological refractory period
     • if we respond to a stimulus by processing the information and another stimulus comes along that has to be processed are reaction time will be slower, it is like being stepped in rugby
   • single channel hypothesis
     • the brain can only deal with one stimulus at a time so if there are less stimuli then reaction time will be quicker
   • choice reaction time
     • when the performer is faced with more than one stimulus at a time
       • HICKS LAW:- choice reaction time increases linearly as the number of choices/stimuli increases