Particles

Particles

1. Specific Charge

   • Charge/Mass
   • Charge of electron= -1.6 x 10^-19 Coulombs
   • Proton= +1.6 x 10^-19 C

2. Strong Nuclear Force

   • Overcomes electrostatic force of repulsion to keep nucleus together
   • Repulsive to 0.5fm, attractive to 3-4 fm
     • Keeps protons from collapsing the nucleus, but also electrons in shells
   • Electrostatic force has an infinite range

3. Radioactive Decay

   • Alpha
     • Particle has 2 protons and 2 neutrons
   • Beta minus
     • Electron emitted
     • When neutron changes into a proton
     • Antineutrino also released
   • Gamma
     • Electromagnetic radiation emitted by an unstable nucleus
   • Beta plus
     • Proton to neutron
     • opposite equation to minus

4. Photons

   • Electromagnetic waves are emitted as photons
   • E=hf
     • h= 6.63 x 10^-34 J
   • Power of laser beams: nhf (n= no. of photons)

5. Particles & Antiparticles

   • Pair production
     • photon to particle and antiparticle
   • Annihilation
     • particle and antiparticle annihilate to create 2 photons

6. Interacting Particles

   • Momentum exchanges in reactions by a virtual proton
     • Can't detect proton or the reaction would be blocked and not happen = virtual
   • Feynman Diagrams
     • Neutron-Neutrino
     • Proton Anti-neutrino
     • Electron Capture

7. Weak Nuclear Force

   • Causes beta minus and beta plus decay
   • W Bosons are exchanged
     • short range
     • positive or negative
   • Beta minus
   • Beta plus

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