Exogenous and endogenous processes

Exogenous and endogenous processes

1. Exogenous

   • Types
     • Landslide: Wide range of ground movements, such as rock fall, deep failure of slopes and shallow debris flows, which can occur in offshore, coastal and onshore environments
     • Metamorphism: Metamorphism is the change in rock structure, minerals or geologic structure.
     • Faulting: Fault is planar or gently curved fracture in the rocks of the earth’s crust, where compressional or tensional forces cause relative displacement of the rocks on the opposite sides of the fracture.
     • Vulcanism: Phenomenon of the eruption of molten rock (magma) onto the surface of the earth, where lava and volcanic gases erupt through a break in the surface called a vent.
     • Earthquake: Vibration or oscillation of the surface of the earth caused by sudden release of enormous pressure.
     • Also called tectonism, large-scale deformation of the earth’s crust by natural processes, which leads to the formation of continents and ocean basins, mountain systems, plateaus, etc.
     • Folding: Fold is an undulation or waves in the stratified rocks of the earth’s crust.
   • Characteristics
     • -Originate in the interior of the Earth -Causes sudden or rapid movements -Examples: earthquakes, faulting

2. Endogenous

   • Types
     • Weathering: rocks on the surface are broken mechanically into peace due to snow and frost
     • Erosion and transportation: the surface is eroded by rivers, winds, glaciers etc.
     • Degradation: the lowering of a bottomland surface through erosion
     • Deposition: accumulation of loose sediment or another rocks
     • Aggradation: the rising of a bottomland surface through alluvial deposition
     • Sedimentation: mechanically deposited from suspension within a fluid
     • Mass movement: is any downslope transfer through gravitational forces
   • Characteristics
     • -Originate on the surface of the Earth. -Causes slow movements -Examples: erosion, deposition