The 3 Approaches to Arguments

The 3 Approaches to Arguments

1. Classical Argument

   • Introduction-Gets attention of the reader
     • State the case- explain the issue in detail
       • Purpose- put forward the statement that you want to prove
         • Refutation-State opponents argument and tell why it is not true
           • Substantiation-need to use facts and details to develop a case for your thesis
             • Conclusion-State all important points again that will prove the thesis

2. Toulmin Argument

   • Claim- Give a statement that you want other people to agree with
     • Grounds-cold, hard facts that will persuade others
       • Warrant- hooks the data collected as proof to the original statement
         • Backing-Other questions are answered and support is given
           • Qualifier-indicates the strength of leap from data to warrant
             • Rebuttal-A counter argument is proposed by the opposition

3. ·

   • The Rogerian Argument
     • Introduction-Quickly explains problem
       • Non-Judgemental statement of opponents opposition-shows that writer clearly understands it
         • Neutral Explanation of your Opinion-given in a non-judgemental way
           • Analysis- How are the 2 opinions similar and what values do they share?
             • Proposal- How can you share your ideas that the opponent might accept