LEXICAL RELATIONS

LEXICAL RELATIONS

1. What is a word?

   • A sequence of letters that we write consecutively, with no spaces
   • Word Form
     • the inflected form of a word represented by a stem and a list of inflections to be attached: fish, fishes, fished, fishing, etc.
   • LEXEME
     • Grouping of one or more word forms.
       • LEXEME 1 fish, fishes, fished, fishing
       • LEXEME 2 house, houses ;
   • Possible restrictions:
     • utility
     • culture-dependency

2. Structural constaints on lexicalization

3. Lexical vs. grammatical meaning

   • Elements carrying each kind of meaning:
     • Closed-set items: grammatical meaning
       • have to be general and flexible enough to be able to combine with a wide range of lexical roots.
         • (Present-past-future go with almost the verbs, singular and plural with almost all the nouns, etc.)
     • Open-set items: lexical meaning
       • do not have any restriction on the richness of their meaning
         • The former are normally added to the latter
     • more on closet-set items:
       • Articulate the grammatical structure of sentences
       • -they change at a slow rate through time
       • a single speaker is unlikely to see loss or gain of items
     • more on open-set items:
       • they belong to relatively large substitution sets
       • there is a relatively rapid turnover in substitution classes
       • a single speaker is likely to encounter many losses
       • principal function is to carry the meaning of a sentence
   • Major problems of lexical semantics
     • Description of content
     • Contextual variation
     • Sense relations and structures in the lexicon
     • Word meaning and syntactic properties

4. Sense relations – semantic relations between units of meaning

   • Types of sense relations
     • syntagmatic
       • Hold between items which occur in the same sentence. SYNTAX
     • derivational
       • word families (fish, fisher, fishy) MORPHOLOGY
     • paradigmatic
       • reflect the semantic choices available at a particular structure point in a sentence.

5. Types of paradigmatic lexical relations in terms of set-theoretical relations

   • I. Identity: class A and class B have the same members
     • II. Inclusion: class B is wholly included in class A
       • III. Disjunction: class A and class B have no members in common
         • Incompatibility
           • co-hyponymy 1
             • Nothing in the world can belong simultaneously to the class
           • co-hyponymy 3
         • co-meronymy
           • concepts are not clear-cut:
         • Oppositeness
           • Binarity
           • Inherentness
           • Patency
           • Opposites 1: complementaries
             • Is partitioned by the terms of the opposition into two mutually exclusive compartments
           • Opposites 2: antonyms 1
             • need to be interpreted comparatively in relation
           • Opposites 2: antonyms 2
             • The comparative forms of both terms are impartial
           • Opposites 3: reversives
             • Reversives are directional opposites which include -straightforward directions
       • (hyperonymy) 1
       • (hyperonymy) 2
       • (hyperonymy) 3
         • Is context independent
       • (hyperonymy) 4
         • hyponymy is a transitive relation
       • (hyperonymy) 5
         • require items related hyperonymously
       • meronymy
         • (holonymy) 1
           • is the lexical reflex of the part-whole relation
         • (holonymy) 2
           • displays a prototypic character
             • Necessity
             • Integrality
             • Discreteness
           • (holonymy) 3
             • Pieces are discrete once they have been formed
     • Synonymy
       • •Identity: synonymy sameness of meaning
       • • Absolute synonymy: complete identity of meaning
       • Propositional synonymy
         • If two lexical items are propositional synonyms, they can be substituted in any expression
       • Near-synonymy
         • The language users do have intuitions as to which pairs of words are synonyms and which are not.

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