INTERLANGUAGE

INTERLANGUAGE

1. 1.2. Contrastive analysis (CA) and Error analysis (EA)

   • CA: Linguists examining the target language and contrasting it with the mother tongue. EA: Learners who share the same mother tongue simply do not speak the L2 in axactly the same way.

2. 1.3. Interlanguage

   • It is the existence of a "special" language, created by the individual, and standing midway between the mother tongue and the target language.
     • it is also called by Nemser like"an approximative system"
     • James called it "interlingua"
     • Larry Selinker coined the term "interlanguage"

3. 1.4. The general characteristics of interlanguage

   • Idiolect: the language system of an individual as expressed by the way he or she speaks or writes within the overall system of a particular language.
   • Variable and systematic: they are unstable and dynamic.

4. 1.5. Psycholinguistic and sociolinguistic aspects

   • Psycholinguistics was defined by Scovel as the "study of the normal and abnormal use of language and speech to gain a better understanding of how the human mind functions.
   • Elaine Tarone proposes that IL consists of different styles and its linguistic and phonological characteristics change according to the social context.

5. 1.6. Linguistic processes in the construction of interlanguage

   • Selinker sees the development of IL as resting on five central cognitive processes.
     • 1. Language transfer; some items, rules, and subsystems of a learner´s IL may be transferred from the first language.
       • 1.6.1. The nature of transfer: Richard defines transfer as "the use of elements from one language while speaking another.
       • 1.6.2. TRansfer: Positive and negative"
         • Positive transfer: it facilitates learning and happens when there is a coincidence of elements between the L1 and the L2.
         • Negative transfer (interference); It refers to the use of a structure or element of the L1 that it is not appropriate in the L2, thereby producing an error.
       • 1.6.4. Overgeneralization
         • It is defined by Ellis as "The oversuppliance of an interlanguage feature in contexts in which it does not occur in target language use. Overgeneralizations result in errors.
           • Its two main features: 1. the tendency to use regular forms where possible and 2. to simplify elements and structures (regularisation and simplification).
       • 1.6.3. Transfer and language universals
     • 2. Overgeneralization of target language structures; some interlanguage elements are the result of a "clear overgeneralization" of target language rules and semantic features.
     • 3. Transfer of training; some IL elements may derive from the way in which learners are taught.
       • Some erroneous IL features may be caused by the way in which learners are taught.
     • 4. Strategies used in second language learning; Selinker defines a strategy as "an identifiable approach by the learner to the material to be learned"
       • 1. Cognitive strategies are those involved in the analysis, synthesis, or transformation of learning materials.
       • 2. Metacognitive strategies are those involved in planning, monitoring, and evaluating learning
       • 3. Social/affective strategies concern the ways in which learners choose to interact with other speakers.
     • 5. Strategies used in second language communication; These are "an identifiable approach by the learner to communication with native speakers of the TL"
       • Communication strategies have been defined in a number of different ways :
         • A systematic technique employed by a speaker to express his meaning when face with some difficulty (Corder 1978).
         • A mutual attempt of two interlocutors to agree on a meaning in situations when requisite meaning structures are not shared (Tarone 1980).
         • Potentially conscious plans for solving what an individual presents to itself as a problem in reaching a particular communicative goal (Faerch and Kasper 1986).
         • Techniques of coping with difficulties in communicating in an imperfectly known second language (Stern 1983).
         • All these meanings have three features in common; problematicity, consciousness, and intentionallity.

6. 1.7. The process of fossilization in interlanguage

   • It refers to the process whereby a learner´s IL development stops some way short of target language norms.
     • 1.7.1. Causes of fossilization: Internal factors; age and the lack of desire to aculturate and external factors; Communicative pressure, lack of learning opportunity and the nature of feedback on learner´s use of L2

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