2. VERB + ...

2. VERB + ...

1. 2.1. Verb + -ING (ENJOY DOING / STOP DOING etc.)

   • After some verbs we use -ING, not "to..."
   • VERBS: enjoy ; mind ; suggest ; stop ; finish ; postpone (=adiar) ; consider ; admit ; deny ; avoid ; risk ; imagine ; fancy
     • I enjoy reading ; Would you mind closing the door? ; Suddenly everybody stopped talking ; I don't fancy going out this evening (=I'm not enthusiastic about it) ; They denied doing anything wrong.
     • ALSO: give up (=stop) ; put off (=postpone) ; go on or carry on (=continue) ; keep or keep on (=do something continuously or repeatedly
       • Catherine doesn't want to retire. She wants to go on working.
       • With some Verbs you can structure: Verb + SOMEBODY + -ing
         • Sorry to keep YOU waiting so long ; I can't imagine GEORGE riding a motorbike
         • After some verbs (especially admit, deny, suggest) you can also use THAT
           • They denied THAT they had stolen the money = They denied stealing the money ; Chris suggested THAT we went to the cinema = Chris suggested going to the cinema
   • NEGATIVE FORM: not -ing
     • When I'm on holiday, I enjoy not having to get up early.
   • PASSIVE FORM: verb + being done/seen/kept + -ing
     • I don't mind people keeping me waiting --> I don't mind being kept waiting.
   • PAST: When we are talking about finished actions, you can say HAVING + Past participle (DONE/STOLEN/SAID...). But it is not necessary to use having (done)
     • They admitted HAVING STOLEN the money ; They admitted STEALING the money ; I now regret SAYING what I said ; I now regret HAVING SAID what I said

2. 2.2. Verb + TO... (DECIDE TO... / FORGET TO... etc.)

   • VERBS: offer ; decide ; hope ; deserve ; promise ; agree ; plan ; manage ; afford (pagar, comprar); threaten (ameaçar) ; refuse ; arrange ; fail ; forget ; learn
     • It was late, so we decided to take a taxi home ; Simon was in a difficult situation, so I agreed to help him ; I waved to Karen, but failed to attract her attention
     • DARE
       • AFFIRMATIVE: After DARE you can use the infinitive with or without TO
         • I wouldn't DARE TO TEEL him ; or ; I wouldn't DARE TELL him
       • NEGATIVE: But after DARE NOT (or DAREN'T), you must use the infinitive WITHOUT TO
         • I daren't tell him what happened
     • ALSO: seem ; appear ; tend (tender) ; pretend (fingir) ; claim (reclamar)
       • They seem to have plenty of money ; I like Dan, but I think he tends to talk too much ; Ann pretended not to see me when she passed me in the street
     • After some VERBs you can use a QUESTION WORD (WHAT/WHETHER/HOW...) + TO...
       • After the verbs: ask ; decide ; know ; remember ; forget ; explain ; learn ; understand ; wonder
         • We asked how TO GET to the station ; Have you decided where TO GO for your holidays? ; I don't know whether TO APPLY for the job or not ; Do you enderstand what TO DO?
         • ALSO: show/tell/ask/advise/teach somebody what/how/where to do something
           • Can somebody show me how to use this camera? ; Ask Jack. He'll tell you what to do
   • NEGATIVE FORM: not to...
     • We decided not to go out because of the wheather ; I promised not to be late
   • After some verbs we use TO ... (infinitive form), not necessarily "-ing"
   • CONTINUOUS INFINITIVE: to be doing
     • PRESENT CONTINUOUS
       • Joe SEEMS TO BE ENJOYING his new job (=it seems that he is enjoying it)
     • PAST CONTINUOUS
       • I PRETENDED TO BE READING the paper (= I pretended that I was reading)
   • PERFECT INFINITIVE: to have done
     • You SEEM TO HAVE LOST weight (=it seems that you have lost weight) ; That car APPEARS TO HAVE BROKEN down.

3. 2.3. Verb ( + object) + TO... (I WANT YOU TO...etc.)

   • 1. After some verbs we use "to...", but we also can use: + object + to...
     • VERBS: want ; ask ; help ; expect ; beg ; mean (=intend) ; would like ; would prefer
       • We expected to be late or We expected DAN to be late ; Would you like to go now? or Would you like ME to go now? ; He doesn't want to know or He doesn't want ANYBODY to know
       • HELP: After help you can use the infinitive with or without TO
         • Can you help me TO MOVE this table? or Can you help me MOVE this table?
   • 2. After some verbs we ONLY use + object + to...
     • VERBS: tell ; remind ; force ; encourage ; teach ; enable ; order ; warn ; invite ; persuade ; get (=persuade)
       • Can you remind ME TO call Sam tomorrow? ; Who taught YOU TO drive? ; I didn't move the piano by myself. I got SOMEBODY TO help me. ; Joe said the switch was dangerous and warned ME NOT TO touch it
     • Not use "suggest" with this structure::: Jane suggested THAT I ask your advice
   • NEGATIVE FORM: verb + object + not to...
   • PASSIVE FORM: verb to be + past participle
     • I was warned not to touch the switch
   • 3. After some verbs we can use: verb + -ing (without object) or verb + object + TO
     • VERBS: ADVISE and ALLOW
       • I wouldn't ADVISE STAYING in that hotel or I wouldn't ADVISE ANYBODY TO STAY in that hotel ; They don't ALLOW PARKING in front of the building or They don't ALLOW PEOPLE TO PARK in front of the building
       • PASSIVE: (be) allowed
         • Parking ISN'T ALLOWED in front of the building or You AREN'T ALLOWED TO PARK in front of the building
   • 4. After some verbs we use + object + infinitive (WITHOUT TO)
     • VERBS: MAKE and LET
       • I MADE HIM PROMISE that he wouldn't tell anybody what happened ; Hot weather MAKES ME FEEL tired ; Her parents wouldn't LET HER GO out alone ; LET ME CARRY your bag for you
       • PASSIVE: made TO do (with TO)
         • We were MADE TO WAIT for two hours (=They made us wait)

4. 2.4. Verb + -ING or TO...

   • 1. Some verbs can be followed by-ING ot TO... WITH A DIFFERENCE OF MEANING
     • REMEMBER
       • I REMEMBER DOING something = I did it and now I remember this ; You remember doing something AFTER you have done it
         • I know I locked the door. I clearly remember locking it. (=I locked it, and now I remember this) ; He could remember driving along the road just before the accident, but he couldn't remember the accident itself.
       • I REMEMBERED TO DO something = I remembered that I had to do it, so I did it ; You remember to do something BEFORE you do it
         • I remembered to lock the door, but I forgot to shut the windows (= I remembered that I had to lock it, and so I locked it) ; I must remember to pay the electricity bill (= I must not forget to pay it)
     • REGRET
       • I REGRET DOING something = I did it and now I'm sorry about it
         • I now regret saying what I said. I shouldn't have said it. ; Dou you regret not going to college?
       • I REGRET TO SAY / TO TELL you / TO INFORM you = I'm sorry that I have to say (etc.)
         • (from a formal letter) We regret to inform you that your application has been unseccessful.
     • GO ON
       • GO ON DOING something = continue with the same thing
         • The president paused for a moment and then WENT ON TALKING ; We need to change. We can't GO ON LIVING like this.
       • GO ON TO DO something = do or say something new
         • After a discussing the economy, the president then WENT ON TO TALK about foreign policy.
     • TRY
       • TRY TO DO = attempt to do, make an effort to do
         • I was very tired. I tried to keep my eyes open, but I couldn't.
       • TRY also means 'do something as an experiment or test', if is followed by a verb, we say TRY -ING
         • The photocopier doesn't seem to be working. Try pressing the green button
     • NEED
       • I NEED TO DO something = it is necessary for me to do it
         • I need to get more exercise
       • Something NEEDS DOING = it needs to be done
         • My phone needs charging (=it needs to be charged) ; It's a difficult problem. It needs thinking about very carefully (=it needs to be thought about)
     • HELP and CAN'T HELP
       • You can say HELP TO DO or HELP DO (with or without TO
         • Everybody helped to clean up after the party. or Everybody helped clean up...
       • I CAN'T HELP DOING something = I can't stop myself doing it
         • She tried to be serious, but she couldn't help laughing (=she couldn't stop herself laughing) ; I'm sorry I'm nervous. I can't help it (=I can't help being nervous)
     • LIKE / LOVE / HATE
       • 1. When we talk about repeated actions: -ING or TO after these verbs
         • Do you like getting up early? or Do you like to get up early?
       • 2. When we talk about a situation that already exists (or existed): -ING
         • Paul lives in Berlin now. He likes living there. (=He lives there and he likes it)
       • 3. I LIKE DOING something = I do it and I enjoy it
         • I like cleaning the kitchen.
       • 4. I LIKE TO DO something = I think it is a good thing to do, but I don't necessarily enjoy it
         • It's not my favourite job, but I like to clean the kitchen as often as possible.
       • WOULD LIKE / WOULD LOVE / WOULD HATE / WOULD PREFER
         • 1. Are usually followed by TO
           • I'd like (= I would like) to go away for a few days
         • 2. I would like TO HAVE DONE something = I regret now that I didn't or couldn't do it
           • It's a shame we didn't see Anna when we were in London. I would like to have seem her again.
   • 2. Some verbs can be followed by-ING ot TO... WITH NO DIFFERENCE OF MEANING
     • VERBS: begin ; start ; continue ; intend ; bother
       • It started raining or It started to rain ; Andy intends buying a house or Andy intends to buy... ; Don't bother locking the door or Don't bother to lock...
     • Normally we do not use -ING after -ING: It's starting to rain (not It's starting raining)