Atoms

1. Electrons

   Anotações:

   • Negative charge
   • Number of electrons = number of protons 
2. Protons

   Anotações:

   • Positive charge 
   • Number of protons = number of electrons 
   • Atomic number is the number of protons in the atom 
   • Atomic mass is the total weight of the atom (the number of protons + number of neutrons) 
3. Neutrons

   Anotações:

   • No charge 
   • Atomic mass is the total weight of the atom (number of protons + number of neutrons)

Anotações:

• Center of the atom that contains protons & neutrons 

Anotações:

• Space where electrons reside 
• Innermost shell holds up to 2 electrons, any shell beyond that can hold up to 8 
• The outermost shell is known as the valence shell 

1. Covalent bond

   Anotações:

   • Electrons can be shared equally or unequally depending on an atom's electronegativity 
   • Strongest bond 
   • Oxygen has the highest electronegativity, followed by nitrogen, with carbon and hydrogen being the least electronegative respectively. 
   1. Polar

      Anotações:

      • Electrons are shared unequally 
   2. Nonpolar

      Anotações:

      • Electrons are shared equally 

1. Ionic bonds

   Anotações:

   • Two ionic atoms interacting 
   • Strongest charge based bond 
2. Hydrogen bonds

   Anotações:

   • When hydrogen is in a polar covalent bond, it becomes lightly charged. This partial positive charged end on hydrogen interacts with a negatively charged atom to form a hydrogen bond 
3. Vanderwaal's interactions

   Anotações:

   • Electrons end up stacked on one side of an atom, resulting in a quick & temporary charge 

Anotações:

• Gain or loss of electrons that forms a charged atom 

1. Cation

   Anotações:

   • Positive charge
2. Anion

   Anotações:

   • Negative charge 

Anotações:

• Alteration in the number of neutrons in the nucleus that makes the nucleus unstable 

1. Molecular
2. Structural

1. Space filling
2. Ball & Stick