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Upper Respiratory Tract

LAhmad B Inglês

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Anatomy of the Upper Airway
- NASAL CAVITY
- Paranasal sinuses
- Tongue
- Pharynx
- Larynx
CAUSES OF SNORING
- A harsh sound that occurs when air flows past relaxed tissues in you throat, causing the tissues to vibrate as you breath
  - Anatomy
    - Having a low, thick soft palate can narrow your airway.
  - Nasal Problems
  - Pregnancy
  - Alcohol consumption
Neurological Control of Breathing
- Brain stem control of breathing
- Voluntary breathing
- Peripheral chemoreceptor
Causes of Obstructive Sleep Apnea
- Recurrent soft tissue collapse in the pharyngeal airways
- Obesity
- Male >> Female
- Smoking
- Nasal Congestion
- Signs of Symptoms of OSA
  - Snoring
  - Pauses in Breathing During Sleep
  - Abrupt awakenings
  - Morning headache
  - Clinical Assessment of Polysomnogram
    - a sleep study, is a comprehensive test used to diagnose sleep disorders.
  - Complications of OSA
    - CVS problems:-
      - Systemic & pulmonary hypertension
      - Hypoxia-induced cardiac arrhythmia
      - Cardiac infarction, stroke, and sudden cardiac death
    - Daytime fatigue & sleepiness:-
      - Increased risk of accidents
      - Poor sleep leads to increased appetite and obesity.
      - Eye problems
    - increased risk of vascular dementia
    - OSA increases the risk of COVID-19 severity & hospitalization
    - TREATMENT = GOOD PROGNOSIS
- Management of OSA
  - Lifestyle changes :
    - Lose weight if you're overweight
    - Exercise regularly
    - Stop alcohol & smoking
  - Surgical removal of tissue
  - Upper airway stimulation
  - jaw surgery (maxillomandibular advancement