progressive era

progressive era

1. womens rights

   • Alice Paul-A vocal leader of the twentieth century women's suffrage movement, Alice Paul advocated for and helped secure passage of the 19th Amendment to the US Constitution, granting women the right to vote.
   • National American Suffrage Assoc-NAWSA coordinated the national suffrage movement. The group was made up of local and state groups throughout the United States. Member dues funded annual conventions where suffragists met to discuss campaigns. Women like Rachel Foster Avery circulated newsletters with the latest suffrage updates.
   • Jane Addams- Jane Addams was on the frontline of the settlement house movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. She later became internationally respected for the peace activism that ultimately won her a Nobel Peace Prize in 1931, the first American woman to receive this honor.
   • 19th Amendment-The 19th amendment legally guarantees American women the right to vote. Achieving this milestone required a lengthy and difficult struggle victory took decades of agitation and protest.
   • Women’s rights- Women had few rights in the 19th century. They could not vote, own property, could not work outside the home, and were controlled by their husbands.
   • Act Woodrow Wilson-Wilson's voice proved unequivocal in the ultimate passing of the 19th amendment. In a 1918 speech before the Congress, Wilson for the first time in his time in office publicly endorsed women's rights to vote.

2. jobs and business

   • Working conditions- American workers had difficult jobs for long hours and very little pay. Mechanization and mass production threw workers in unskilled positions. The typical industrial laborer could expect to be unemployed one month out of the whole year.
   • Immigrant living conditions- . Many immigrants lived in tenements. They were unstable and overcrowded. They lacked enough light, ventilation, and sanitation. They were very unhealthy for people to live in.
   • Clayton Antitrust Act- It defines unethical business practices and upholds many rights of labor. Besides banning practices of price discrimination and anti-competitive mergers, the law also declared boycotts, strikes, and labor unions legal under federal law.
   • Sherman Antitrust- It aimed to limit anticompetitive practices, such as those in cartels and monopolistic corporations. It said that a “trust or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce, is declared to be illegal.
   • Hull House-Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr founded Hull-House to offer social services to the community. Some of those services included legal aid, an employment office, childcare, and training in crafting and domestic skill
   • Big business- Big businesses really started to boom in the early 19h century. They used railroads to transport their goods and expand their businesses. It made America one of the most economically powerful countries in the world.

3. racial justice

   • Racial discrimination- White southerners took back control of state and local governments and used their reclaimed power to disenfranchise African Americans and pass “Jim Crow” laws segregating schools, transportation, employment, and various public and private facilities.
   • NAACP- Was made to ensure the political, educational, equality of minority group citizens of States and eliminate race prejudice. The NAACP works to remove all barriers of racial discrimination through democratic processes.
   • Tuskegee Institute-Tuskegee Institute in Alabama opened in 1881, and it was one of most famous training schools. Public health researchers have cited it as a source of distrust among African Americans of the medical establishment, challenging efforts to slow the spread of HIV, contain tuberculosis outbreaks, and broaden preventive care.
   • Booker T. Washington-Washington designed, developed, and guided the Tuskegee Institute. It became a powerhouse of African-American education and political influence in the United States. He used the Hampton Institute, with its emphasis on agricultural and industrial training, as his model.

4. enviorment

   • Roosevelt created the National Wildlife Refuge System. While in office, he would go on to create 50 more federal bird reserves and four national game preserves within the refuge system
   • John Muir-Muir is credited with both the creation of the National Park System and the establishment of the Sierra Club. He educated Americans about the value of the country's wilderness, inspiring generations of wilderness advocates
   • Gifford Pinchot was an important figure in the American conservation movement. As the first chief of the US Forest Service, Pinchot tripled the nation's forest reserves, protecting their long term health for both conservation and recreational use.
   • Environmentalism- The contemporary environmental movement was caused by concerns in the late 19th century about the protection of the countryside in Europe and the wilderness in the United States and the health consequences of pollution during the Industrial Revolution.

5. health awareness

   • Meat Inspection Act-It was made to prevent adulterated or misbranded meat and to ensure that meat and meat products are slaughtered and processed under sanitary conditions.
   • Pure Food and Drug Act-To enhance consumer protection by requiring that foods and drugs bear truel labeling statements and meet certain standards for purity and strength.
   • Upton Sinclair-Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle to expose the appalling working conditions in the meat-packing industry. His description of diseased, rotten, and contaminated meat shocked the public and led to new federal food safety laws.
   • Jacob Riis-was a journalist and social reformer who publicized the crises in housing, education, and poverty at the height of European immigration to New York City in the late nineteenth century.

6. leaders

   • Theodore Roosevelt-under the leadership of President Theodore Roosevelt, the United States emerged from the nineteenth century with ambitious designs on global power through military might, territorial expansion, and economic influence.
   • William Howard Taft-His reforms addressed the progressive goals of democracy, social welfare, and economic reform. Two of the major progressive achievements under President Taft were constitutional amendments. The Sixteenth Amendment was passed in 1909 and ratified in 1913. It gave Congress the power to create income taxes.