Antartica

Antartica

1. Convention for the conservation of Antarctica Marine living resources

   • Created 1982
     • Commision on the Convention for the conservation of Antarctica Marine living resources
       • Responisble for researching, monitoring, conservation of the southern ocean
       • They have created an Ecosystem Monitoring Program, which detects and records changes in the ecosystem, and analyses the effects of commercial fishing.
       • CCAMLR
     • Within the Commission is the Scientific Committee, who provide advice and scientific information.
   • Apart of the Antarctica treaty system
   • Focus on the overfishing of Krill
   • Positive
     • Abides by Antarctic treaty
   • Negative
     • Failing to meet own objectives,
       • Catch rates now increased by 4x
       • 620,000 tonnes of krill now able to be caught
       • Failing to meet own objectives

2. UN

   • Sets global laws and regulations in order to protect the antartica
   • Little to do with protection of the antarctic
   • UN Environment programme (UNEP)
     • Little infulence on Antarctia legislation and goals do not cover the area
   • Works indirectly contribuites to governance of Antartica, works to protect the environment

3. IAATO

   • Advocate safe Antartic travel
   • 115 members
   • Implement operational prodcures to ensure enriching experince for tourists
   • Sustainably protects Antartica
     • Supports Antarctic Treaty
     • Prohibits vessels carrying more than 50 people landing
     • No more than 100 passengers at one time
   • Negatives
     • Still an overall increase in tourist numbers
     • Polution from ships
     • Evasion species
     • Gap between members and non member not all operations adhere to treatys
     • Only Elite indviuals can afford the oppourtunity to travel there

4. Protocal on environment protection

   • 1991, 31 member countries
   • Ensure protection of Antarctic environment and ecosystems
   • Positives
     • Bans mining and extraction of mineral resources
     • Legally binding regluations
     • Supports Antarctic treaty
   • Negatives
     • Sealing, Whaling and fishing excluded from protocal
     • Any agreement has to be unanimous
     • Not fully develped

5. Convenction of Conservation of Antarctic seals

   • Since 1972 seals protected
   • Enables scientific research on sealing to protect the species
   • Positives
     • Seal populations have increased
     • Legally binding, forbids killing and capture of antactic seals expect in certain circumstances
     • Catch limits, designation of species
   • Negatives
     • Limited scope of geographic range, covers all seas 60 lati
     • No formal meeting to encorage global cooperation

6. Scientific committee of Antartic research

   • Initiates, develops and cordinates international research in Antartica
   • Provides independent scientific advice to organisation on issues of conservation
   • Positives
     • Increased importance of the impact of climate change on the oceans and ice in Antarctic region

7. International Whaling Commission

   • Moratorium 1982, banning whaling
     • Set catch limits, restricts how many whales can be caught
     • 89 member states
     • Provides funds for research
     • Work with scientificic committee to research whaling
   • Southern Ocean whale sanctuary
     • Ban all commercial whaling
     • Protects calves and females
   • Positives
     • Entire Indian Ocean is a whale sanctuary
     • Protects 50 million Km2
     • Only non-lethal research occurs in southern ocean sanctuary
   • Negatives
     • USSR falsely reported numbers and species caught on a massive scale
     • False reporting how much whale meat was sold to Japan
     • Japan still conducting Illegal whaling
     • Aboringial whaling allowed but 357 whales killed under this guise in 2019