Psychology Chapter 6

Psychology Chapter 6

1. Three Types of Learning

   • Classical conditioning
     • Who's associated with it?
       • Ivan Pavlov
     • What is it?
       • Classical conditioning is when a neutral stimulus gets paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
         • An example being: Every time a bell is rung, a cat gets food. The bell ringing is a netural stimulus, the unconditioned response from the cat would be salivation
         • What is the expected outcome?
           • The neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that will cause the conditioned behaviour
             • Ex. Every time the cat hears a bell ring, it thinks it will be getting food and starts to salivate
           • What types of responses are associated?
             • For classical conditioning, usually involuntary reflexes and various visceral responses are associated
           • In animals
             • As with the previous example, the cat associates bell ringing with food
           • In humans
             • An example is when commercials use celebrities to gain a positive response from possible customers.
   • Operant Conditioning
     • Who's associated with it?
       • B. F. Skinner is associated with operant conditioning
     • What is it?
       • Nature vs. Nurture
         • In a stimulus situation, responses are either followed by favourable consequences, or unfavourable consequences
           • Favourable = Reward
           • Unfavourable = Punishment
           • Ex. If a child does what he or she is told, they will be rewarded with a favorable outcome
             • This will likely result in the child continuing to obey instructions in the future
           • Ex. If a child does not do what he or she is told, they will be punished with an unfavorable outcome
             • This will likely result in the child not disobeying instructions in the future
           • For positive (favourable) results, the response will be strengthened and done more frequently. While if a negative (unfavourable) result occurs, the response will be done less frequently
         • What types of responses are usually seen?
           • The responses usually are voluntary and spontaneous
           • In animals
             • This style of conditioning is typically how animals are trained. If they preform the desired action, they are rewarded. This causes the animal to preform the trained action more often.
           • In humans
             • The same idea as animals. When a parent is trying to teach their young child a lesson (ex. not to colour on the walls). When the child disobeys and colours on the walls, they will get punished.
   • Observational Learning
     • Who's associated with it?
       • Albert Bandura
     • What is it?
       • When an individual models a behaviour through observation
         • The result of this is that the observer will preform the behaviour based off what they watched. Strengthening or emitting certain aspects (based off whether the consequence was good or bad)
           • What responses are seen?
             • The responses seen tend to be voluntary and consisting of complex sequences
             • In humans
               • Children learn valuable life skills (ex. shaving, cooking, etc) through observation of their parents actions
             • In animals
               • A cat is able to sneak into an abandoned building by watching other cats climb in

2. Conditioned Fear and Anxiety

   • Classical conditioning is known for playing a role in emotional responses, one of these being fear
     • It is said that classical conditioning has been linked to the formation of phobias
       • A phobia being an irrational or extreme fear of something
       • Many case studies have suggested that phobias may be traced back to experiences causing classical conditioning.
         • An example of this being a fear of water. If a family were to drive by, or over a large body of water and joke about how dangerous water is, and how painfully horrible it would be to fall in while driving over it. One would have a fear of water, or so studies suggest.

3. Processes associated with classic conditioning

   • Aquisition: The formation of new responses
     • This refers to the initial stage in learning something. For conditioning, this is when the response to a stimulus is first being formed
       • An example being:
         • When a cats owners are trying to teach a cat that it will be fed when a bell is rung. They will ring a bell whenever they go to feed the cat. Allowing the cat to associate bell ringing with "food is coming"
   • Extinction: Weakening of conditioned responses
     • This is when a conditioned response gets gradually weakened and slowly disappears.
       • An example being:
         • When a bell is rung, and the cat is not fed. The salivation response will occur less and less until it is nonexistant
   • Spontaneous recovery: Resurrecting responses
     • This is when a conditioned response (that had previously went through the extinction phase, or a period without exposure to the stimuli) suddenly reappears
       • An example is when a cat who was used to being fed when a bell was rung, suddenly salivates at the sound of a bell. After a month of being unaffected by bell ringing

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