Chemistry.

Chemistry.

1. PROPERTIES

   • Chemical
     • Combustible/ Flammable
       • Fire needs three things: oxygen, heat and feul.
     • Reaction With Acid
       • The ability of a substance to react with water. It may produce bubbles of gas and dissolving of metals.
     • Reaction with Water
       • The ability of a substance to react with water.
   • Physical
     • Qualitative
       • What you see, hear, smell and touch.
       • Texture, odour, lustre, clarity, taste
     • Quantitative
       • Gas
         • Shape: Indefinite: always takes the shape of its container.
         • Volume: Indefinite: always fills the entire container.
       • Liquid
         • Shape: Indefinite: always taking the shape of its container.
         • Has a definite volume.
       • Solid
         • Has a definite/fixed shape.
         • Has a definite/fixed volume.
       • Viscosity
         • Refers to how easily a liquid flows; the thicker the liquid, the more viscous it it.
       • Melting Point
         • Temperature at which a solid turns into a liquid.
       • Boiling Point
         • Temperature at which a liquid turns into a gas.
       • Solubility
         • Ability of a substance to dissolve a solvent.
       • Hardness
         • Ability to scratch another material
         • Scale: 1-10 Mohs Scale
       • Conductivity
         • Ability to conduct electricity.
       • Density
         • The amount of matter per unit volume of that matter
         • Mass per volume

2. MATTER

   • Pure Substance
     • Composed of only 1 type of particle
     • Element
       • Pure Substances that consist only 1 type of atom
       • Ex: Hydrogen
     • Compound
       • Consist of 2 or more different elements have combined to form 1 type of molecule
       • Ex. Sodium Chloride
   • Mixtures
     • Homogeneous
       • Looks the same all throughout.
       • Mixtures are solutions.
       • Ex. Milk
     • Heterogeneous
       • Mixtures contain visible components.
       • Ex. Water and Oil
       • Different all throughout.

3. PERIODIC TABLE

   • Metals
     • Alkali Metals
       • Chemicals elements found in group 1 of periodic table.
       • Very Reactive.
     • Alkaline Earth Metals
       • Harder metals, many are conductors.
     • Transition Metals
       • Shiny, silvery, not soft, not as reactive as Alkali metals.
       • Burns colourful flames.
     • Shiny, solid, good conductors of electricity, malleable and ductille.
   • Non-Metals
     • Hydrogen
       • Very reactive, promising as an alternative feul source for automobiles.
     • Not very shiny, poor conductors of heat and electricity, brittle and not ductile.
     • Halogen
       • Found in different states, very reactive rarely found in elemental form, poisonous in large amounts.
     • Noble Gasses
       • Stable (non-reactive), colourless and odourless.
   • Metalliods
     • Solid at room temperature, some are shiny, many conductors.

4. ATOMS

   • History
     • John Dalton: 1807:Billard Ball
     • J.J Thompson: 1897: Plum Pudding
     • Rutherford: 1910: Nuclear Model
     • Neils Bohr: 1912: Bohr-Rutherford Model
   • Electron
     • Negative Charge
     • Addition/Subtraction of electron, changes the charge.
   • Neutron
     • No charge
     • Addition/Subtraction of neutron changes the mass.
   • Proton
     • Positive charge
     • Addition/Subtraction of proton changes the element.
   • Atomic Structure
   • Ions
     • Positively or negatively charged atom or group of atoms.
   • Isotopes
     • One of two or more forms of an element that have the same number of protons but a different number od neutrons.
   • Valence
     • outer most shell is the valence shell
     • Electrons on the valence shell are valence electrons.

5. SAFETY

   • Lab
     • Never pour chemicals down the sink, always put them in the waste container.
     • In case of fire: use fire estinguisher on big fires, wet paper towel on small and don't throw water on fire
     • Always wear safety googles, lab coats, roll up long sleeves and tie up long hair. You cant wear skirts or open toed shoes.
     • Don't taste chemicals, eat or drink in equipment and don't eat or drink in the lab at all.
     • When smelling chemicals, don't put face too close to test tube, waft the smell towards your nose using your hand.
   • WHMIS (Workplace, Hazardous, Materials, Information, System)
     • Compressed Gas
     • Oxidizing Material
     • Toxix Long Term Concealed
     • Biohazardous Infectious
     • Corrosive Material
     • Dangerously Reactive
     • Flammable and Combustible
     • Toxic Immediate and Severe
   • HHPS (Hazardous, Household, Product, Symbols)
     • Corrosive
     • caution
     • Flammable
     • Explosive
     • warning
     • Poison
     • danger

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