Intelligence (1)

Intelligence (1)

1. Research

   • Use psychometric tests

2. Intelligence is predictive

3. Implicit theory

   • Non-scientific construct
     • Beliefs & Opinions
     • Effects the way we see ourselves and others
       • Intelligent person = someone who resembles an intelligent prototype
       • Effects decision making
       • May limit yourself if you believe you are not intelligent
   • Cross cultural implicit theories
     • Baral & Das 2004
       • Indian interpretation of intelligence
       • Thinking, judgement and decision making must gel for true intelligence
       • Harmony of thought from self-awareness

4. Explicit theory

   • Intelligence = scientific constructs based on theory
   • Use of psychometric tests

5. Sternberg 1981

   • Asked different groups of people to suggest characteristics which they thought showed intelligence
     • Asked others to rate if they agreed with the behaviours
   • Practical problem solving, verbal ability & social competance
   • Fluid thought, intellectual balance, contextual intelligence & goal orientated
   • Expert views - 1985
     • Different qualities of intelligence for different groups
     • Intelligence influenced by occupation
     • Arts = knowledge, weigh up alternatives, use analogies
     • Physics = mathematical thinking, grasp laws of nature
     • Philosophy = critical thinking, follow complex arguments
     • Business = able to follow arguments, logical thinking

6. Demetriou & Papadopoulos 2004

   • Cross culture differences
   • Western = focus more on cognitive effects
   • Eastern = spirituality, social context, history & family
     • Chinese = Confucian & Taoist
       • Confucian = morality
       • Taoist = humility, free of judgement

7. Yang & Sternberg 1997

   • 5 Factors of intelligence
     • Cognitive factors
     • Interpersonal factors
     • Intrapersonal intelligence - view themselves objectively
     • Intellectual self assertion - confidence of own intelligence
     • Intellectual self-effacement - modesty over ones intellect

8. G factor

   • Spearman 1904
     • Different test of abilities show positive correlations
       • Good at 1 task = likely to be good at another
     • G = CORE MENTAL ENERGY
       • Jensen - G = information processing
         • Speed & efficiency
         • Correlates highly with simple reaction time results
   • Explains large part of individual differences
   • G scores correlate highly with IQ scores
   • Interpreting g - 2 factor theory
     • G = general metal ability
       • S = specific abilities
         • Task performance = g + s
           • Correlation between g and task performance is due to task complexity
     • Proportion of task explained by g is known as g loading
   • Sampling view - Thorndike
     • G does not exist as a psychological or biology construct
       • IQ tests consist of overlapping processes
         • correlations are due to the same processes in different tests
           • Complex tests more likely to intercorrelate
   • Mutualism - interpreting G
     • G not biological or psychological
     • Starts off young then increases with age
     • From 2.5 year to 10
     • Thurstones 7 factors
       • Associative memory
       • Math ability
       • Perceptual speed
       • Reasoning
       • Spatial visualisation
       • Verbal comprehension
       • Word fluency

9. Cattall - multifactor theory

   • 2 intelligencies
     • G(f) fluid intelligence
       • Ability to solve novel problems
       • Biological basis
         • Culture independent
         • Sensitive to physiological harm & ageing
         • Peaks age 18 - 22 then declines
         • Cannot be trained
     • G(c) crystallised intelligence
       • Both are related
       • G(c) caused by G(f)
       • Application of formal knowledge
         • Increases with age, peaks at mid life
           • Sensitive to motivation, practise and exercise
             • Can be trained

10. Hierarchal models

    • Layers from general to specific
    • Vernon's hierarchal theory
      • G = top of hierarchy
      • 2 broad factors; verbal/educational & perception/mechanical
      • Broad factors consist of minor ones
    • Gardener's multiple intelligencies
      • Intelligence isnt one single modularity
        • different brain areas for different intelligencies
          • 9 intelligences