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Respiratory Tract
1. Upper Respiratory Tract
  1. Nose, mouth
    1. nasal cavity
      1. roof : ethmoid +sphenoid bones
      2. floor: hard palate
      3. medial wall: septum
      4. lateral wall: medial orbit, maxillary sinuses,ethmoidal air cells
      5. from nares to the nasopharynx
    2. oral cavity
      1. floor: tongue
      2. roof : hard palate
      3. from lips to the palatoglossal fold
  2. Nasal sinuses
    1. 2 frontal
    2. 2 ethmoidal
    3. 2 maxillary
    4. single sphenoid
  3. Pharynx
    1. Nasopharynx
      1. Extends from skull Base superiorly to the soft palate inferiorly
      2. The nasopharyngeal tonsil lies in the roof
      3. The pharyngeal opening of ET lies in the lateral wall
    2. Oropharynx
      1. From the soft palate superiorly to tip of epiglottis inferiorly
      2. Communicates
        Anteriorly with the oral cavity
        Superiorly with the nasopharynx
        Inferiorly with the hypopharynx
    3. Laryngopharynx
      1. From the tip of epiglottis superiorly to the lower border of cricoid cartilage Inferiorly
      2. Communicates
        Anteriorly with the Larynx
        Superiorly with the oropharynx
        Inferiorly with the esophagus
  4. Larynx
    1. A cartilaginous skeleton
    2. Membranes and ligaments
    3. Intrinsic and extrinsic muscles
    4. Mucosal lining
2. Lower Respiratory Tract
  1. Trachea
  2. Bronchial tree
  3. Lung
Examination of Respiratory System
1. inspection : including looking for skin discoloration,cynosis ,Conjunctival pallor ,..etc
2. palpation: looking for swelling ,organomegaly,edema...etc
3. Auscultation: looking for abnormal sounds
4. percussion
sleep apnea
1. Risk Factors
  1. Obesity
  2. Central fat distribution
  3. Being male
  4. Being older
  5. Family history Smoking ;,Use of alcohol, Use of sedatives. Supine sleep position
2. Complications
  1. Daytime fatigue
  2. Hypertension
  3. heart problems
  4. Stroke
  5. Pulmonary hypertension ,Type 2 diabetes ,Metabolic syndrome ,Abnormal cholesterol
3. Management
  1. 1-Continuous positive airway pressure
  2. 2-Expiratory positive airway pressure
  3. 3-Oral appliances
  4. 4-Surgery
    1. 1-Tissue removal
    2. 2-Jaw reposition
    3. 3-Implant plastic rods in soft palate
    4. 4- Tracheostomy
Snoring
1. Causes
  1. Overeating and/or Lack of Exercise, Alcohol and Sleeping Pills, Smoking Sleeping Position ,Allergy, Nasal Stuffiness, Mouth Breather, Small or Collapsing Nostrils ,Tongue Base Snorer ,Multifactoral Snoring
2. Features
  1. Small or collapsing nostrils Deviated septum Nasal congestion and catarrh Enlarged nasal turbinates and nasal polyps Large soft palate or uvula

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	Criado por محمد صادق المستوفي mais de 7 anos atrás