Laila gets lean

Laila gets lean

1. anatomy of the neck

   • Anterior triangle
     • Skin
     • CERVICAL FASCIA
       • Superficial Fascia
         • platysma muscle
         • cutaneous branches of cervical plexus,
         • anterior jugular vein & external jugular vein.
       • DEEP FASCIA
         • Investing layers
         • Prevertebral layer.
         • Pretracheal layer.
         • Carotid sheath.
     • divides by omohyoid and digastric muscles into 4 tringles
       • 1)Submental triangle
       • 2)Submandibular
       • 3) Carotid triangle
       • 4) Muscular triangle
         • thyroid gland
           • Has 2 lobe connect by isthmus
           • pyramidal lobe
           • Capsules: FIBROUS AND FACSIAL
           • arterial supply : superior & inferior thyroid arteries,also thyroidea ima may be pressent
           • 3 pairs of veins : 2 superior,2 middle, 2 inferior
   • Posterior triangle
     • Floor: from below upward: Scalenus anterior, Scalenus medius, Levator scapulae, Splenius capitis
     • ACCESSORY NERVE (SPINAL PART) 11th Cranial Nerve
     • Arteries: 3rd part of subclavian artery. Suprascapular artery. Transverse cervical artery. Occipital artery.
     • Veins: Subclavian vein. External jugular vein

2. pathology of thyroid gland

   • Hyperthyroidism
     • Diffuse hyperplasia of the thyroid (Grave's disease)
     • Iatrogenic.
     • Hyperfunctional multinodular goiter.
     • Follicular adenomas.
     • Thyroiditis.
     • TSH-releasing pituitary adenomas.
     • treated by 1-Inhibitors of Iodide Uptake:e.g. perchlorate , .2-Inhibitors of Organif cation and Hormone Release 131I :radioactive iodine isotope . inorganic iodide 3-Inhibition of thyroid hormone synthesis e.g. thioamides methimazole 4-Inhibitors of Peripheral Thyroid Hormone Metabolism beta blockers Corticosteroids, ..or surgery
   • HYPO-THYROIDISM
     • Thyroid ablation by surgery or radiation
     • Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
     • Primary idiopathic hypothyroidism.
     • Iodine deficiency
     • Dyshormonogenetic goiter
     • Drugs: Lithium, iodide, p-aminosalicylic acid.
     • treated by T4) Levothyroxine. (T3) liothyronine. (T3/T4) liotrix

3. pathology of parathyroid gland

   • HYPER- PRIMARY (usually adenomas) SECONDARY (LOW CA++ of Renal Failure)
   • HYPO-: Surgical, congenital, familial, idiopathic
   • PSEUDO-HYPO- (end organ resistance)

4. thyroid hormones synthesis