Literal Rule

Literal Rule

1. Judges give words their natural, ordinary, dictionary meaning.

   • Words are given their meaning at the time of the passing of the Act and given the same meaning throughout the Act
     • Even if it results in absurdity
       • R v Judge of the City of London Court

2. Whiteley V Chappell

   • 'Any person entitled to vote' - dead person not entitled to vote

3. Fisher V Bell

   • Flick-knives on show in shop window
     • = ITT not 'an offer for sale' - which was banned by Act in question
       • As a result Parliament had to change Act

4. Berriman

   • Mrs B unable to claim compensation after husband killed whilst doing maintenance work, oiling points on line
     • Not engaged in 'relaying or repairing' which requires lookout to warn of approaching trains
       • LR can lead to unfair/harsh decisions