Multi store memory model

Multi store memory model

1. Sensory Register

   • The place where infomation is held at each of the senses (eyes, ears, nose etc) and the corresponding areas of the brain. The capacity of these registers is very large and they're constantly receiving infomation. Most of this data recieves no attention and remains in the sensory register for a very brief moment (milliseconds).

2. Attention

   • If a person's attention is focused on one of the sensory stores, then the data is transferred to STM. Attention is the first step to remembering something.

3. STM

   • Information is held in the STM so it can be used for immediate taks, such as working on a maths problem or remembering the directions to a friends house.
   • STM has a very limited duration and things will disappear relatively quickly if it isn't rehearsed. Repeating things over and over is called "maintenance rehearsal" which is largely verbal.
   • Information will also disappear from STM if new information enters the STM, pushing out or displacing the original info. This happens because STM has a limited capacity

4. Maintenance rehearsal

   • Repetition keeps infomation in STM but eventually such repetition will create a LTM. Atkinson and Shriffin proposed a direct relationship between rehearsal in STM and strength of the LTM, the more the infomation is rehearsed the better it is remembered.

5. LTM

   • LTM is potentially unlimited in duration and capacity. You may feel that there are many things you knew and have now forgotten. Evidence suggests that you didn't actually made the memory permanent or it is not accessible.

6. Retrieval

   • The process of getting information back from LTM involves the information passing through STM. Then it is available for use.

7. Evaluation

   • STRENGTHS
     • Supporting Evidence: Controlled lab studies on capacity, duration and coding support the existence of a separate STM and LTM which is the basis of the MSM. Studies using brain scanning techniques have also demonstrated that there is a difference between STM and LTM.
       • Eg: Beardsley (1997) found that the prefrontal cortex is active during STM but not LTM tasks.
       • Eg: Squire et al. (1992) also used brain scanning and found the hippocampus is active when the LTM is engaged
     • Case Studies: Psychologists have also shown that different areas of the brain are involved in STM and LTM from the study of individuals with brain damage.
       • Eg: HM (Scoville and Milner 1957) His brain damage was caused by an operation to remove the hippocampus from both sides of the brain to reduce his severe epilepsy he suffered.
         • HM's personality and intellect remained but he could not form any new LTMs although he could remember things before the surgery.
   • LIMITATIONS
     • Too simple: The MSM suggests that both the STM and LTM are unitary stores. However research does not support this. The later WMM shows that STM is split into different stores. The same is true for LTM as well. Eg: Maintenance rehearsal can explain long term storage in semantic memory (knowledge about the world) but doesn't explain long term episodic memories
     • LTM involves more than maintenance rehearsal: Craik and Lockhart (1972) suggested that enduring memories are created by the processing that you do, rather than through maintenance rehearsal; things are processed more deeply are more memorable just because of the way they're processed. 'Deep' means doing more complicated things with the item to be remembered instead of just repeating it.
       • Craik and Tulving (1972): gave pts a list of nouns, and asked a question that involved shallow or deep processing - asked whether a word was printed in capital letters (shallow) or asked whether the word fitted in a sentence (deep). The pts remembered more words in the task that involved deep processing rather than shallow processing.

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