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Schaffer and Emerson 1964
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Schaffer and Emerson 1964
60 babies from Glasgow 0-18 months old.
The babies and their mothers were visited at home every month for a year and again at 18 months.
They asked the mothers questions regarding the separation anxiety shown by the infants. They also assessed stranger anxiety.
The data they found showed that between 25 and 32 weeks of ages, about 50% of babies showed signs of separation anxiety towards a particular adult.
By the age of 40 weeks, 80% of the babies had a specific attachment and almost 30% displayed multiple attachment.
Asocial stage: 0-3 months: Infants produce equal responses to all objects, human or non-human. Towards 3 months, infants behind to show a greater preference for humans and this is usually shown through smiling. Reciprocity and interactional synchrony play a role.
Indiscriminate attachments: 3-7 months: Infants show a clear preference to humans and recognise familiar adults. They smile more at known people but do not show separation anxiety. Still allow strangers to handle them.
Discriminate attachments: 7-9 months: Majority of infants show anxiety towards strangers. They become anxious when separated from a particular person and show relief when reunited. This person is their primary attachment; the most meaningful relationship. Infants respond most sensitively to their 'signals'.
Multiple attachment: 9+ months: Infant develops a wider range of multiple attachments with people such as extended family members and non-caregivers. The fear of strangers weakens but attachment to the primary attachment figure remains the strongest.
Naturalistic Observation: Behaviour was studied in the environment where it most naturally occurs. The researchers were not present at the time, so it is more likely that the infants' behaviour would be natural. We can therefore say that the study has good external validity and the results can be generalised to real life settings.
The Asocial stage: