Mapa mental
Learning
Conteúdo do mapa
Learning
Classical Conditioning; type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus
- In Classical Conditioning the UCS is a stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response without previous conditioning. The UCR is an unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning. The CS is a previously neutral stimulus that has acquired the capacity to elicit a conditioned response. The CR is a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus.
- Unconditional Stimulus (UCS) is a stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning. The Unconditioned Response (UCR) is an unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning.
- Conditioned Stimulus (CS) is a previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response. The Conditioned Response (CR) is a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning.
- Unconditional Stimulus (UCS) is a stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning. The Unconditioned Response (UCR) is an unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning.
- Evaluative Conditioning refers to changes in the liking of a stimulus that result from pairing that stimulus with other positive or negative stimuli.
- Immunosuppression is a decrease in the production of antibodies.
- Basic Processes in Classical Conditioning
- Acquisition refers to the initial stage of learning something
- Spontaneous Recovery is the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus.
- Stimulus Generalization occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus.
- Higher-Order Conditioning is when a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus.
- Stimulus Discrimination occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus.
- Stimulus Generalization occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus.
- Renewal Effect - if a response is extinguished in a different environment than it was acquired, the extinguished response will reappear if the animal is returned to the original environment where acquisition took place.
- Extinction the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency.
- Renewal Effect - if a response is extinguished in a different environment than it was acquired, the extinguished response will reappear if the animal is returned to the original environment where acquisition took place.
- many kinds of everyday responses are regulated thrugh classical conditioning, including phobias, mild fears and pleasant emotional responses.
- stimulus contiguity plays a key role in the acquisition of new conditioned responses. a conditioned response may be weakened and extinguished when the CS is no longer paired with the UCS.
- the predictive value of CS is an influential factor governing classical conditioning. when a response is followed by a positive outcome, the response is likely to be strenthened if it appears that the response caused the outcome.
- stimulus contiguity plays a key role in the acquisition of new conditioned responses. a conditioned response may be weakened and extinguished when the CS is no longer paired with the UCS.
- In Classical Conditioning the UCS is a stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response without previous conditioning. The UCR is an unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning. The CS is a previously neutral stimulus that has acquired the capacity to elicit a conditioned response. The CR is a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus.
Operant Conditioning: form of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their consequences. instrumental learning is another name for operant learning.
- Thorndike's Law of Effect: if a response in the presence of a stimulus leads to satisfying effects, the association between the stimulus and the response is strnegthened. ie positive results result in stronger association between event and response.:
- Reinforcement occurs when an event following a response increases an organism's tendency to make that response
- an operant chamber or "Skinner box" is a small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is recorded while the consequences of the response are systematically controlled.
- Reinforcement contingencies are circumstances or rules that determines whether responses lead to the presentation of reinforcers
- the cumulative recorder creates a graphic record of responding and reinforcement in a Skinner bos as a function of time.
- Primary Reinforcers are events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs.
- Secondary or Conditioned Reinforcers are events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers.
- Shaping which consists of the reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response.
- Resistance to Extinction occurs when an organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcer has been terminated.
- Discriminative Stimuli are cues that influence operant behaviour by indicating the probable consequences of a response.
- The central process in reinforcement is the strengthening of a response. Primary Reinforcers are unlearned; they are closely tied to the satisfaction of physiological needs.
- Discriminative Stimuli are cues that influence operant behaviour by indicating the probable consequences of a response.
- Resistance to Extinction occurs when an organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcer has been terminated.
- Shaping which consists of the reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response.
- Secondary or Conditioned Reinforcers are events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers.
- Primary Reinforcers are events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs.
- the cumulative recorder creates a graphic record of responding and reinforcement in a Skinner bos as a function of time.
- Reinforcement contingencies are circumstances or rules that determines whether responses lead to the presentation of reinforcers
- an operant chamber or "Skinner box" is a small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is recorded while the consequences of the response are systematically controlled.
- Reinforcement occurs when an event following a response increases an organism's tendency to make that response
- A Schdule of Reinforcement determines which occurrences of a specific response result in the presentation of a reinforcer.
- Continuous Reinforcement occurs when every instance of a designated response is reinforced.
- Intermittent or Partial Reinforcment occurs when a designated response is reinforced only some of the time.
- With a Fixed-Ratio Shcedule the reinforcer is given after a fixed number of nonreinforced responses.
- With a Variable-Ratio Schedule the reinforcer is given after a vriable number of nonreinforced responses.
- With a Fixed-Interval Schedule the reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed.
- With a Variable-Interval Schedule the reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed.
- With a Fixed-Interval Schedule the reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed.
- With a Variable-Ratio Schedule the reinforcer is given after a vriable number of nonreinforced responses.
- With a Fixed-Ratio Shcedule the reinforcer is given after a fixed number of nonreinforced responses.
- Intermittent or Partial Reinforcment occurs when a designated response is reinforced only some of the time.
- Continuous Reinforcement occurs when every instance of a designated response is reinforced.
- Positive Reinforcemt occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus.
- Negative Reinforcement occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversivestimulus
- In Escaoe Learning an organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation.
- In Avoidance Learning an organism acquires a response that prevents some aversive stimulation from occurring.
- Punishment occurs when an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response.
- Problems associated with the application of punishment as a disciplinary procedure include emotional side effects and increased aggressive behaviour.
- Instinctive Drift occurs when an animal's innate response tendencies interfere with conditioning processes.
- Problems associated with the application of punishment as a disciplinary procedure include emotional side effects and increased aggressive behaviour.
- Punishment occurs when an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response.
- In Avoidance Learning an organism acquires a response that prevents some aversive stimulation from occurring.
- In Escaoe Learning an organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation.
- Negative Reinforcement occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversivestimulus
- Thorndike's Law of Effect: if a response in the presence of a stimulus leads to satisfying effects, the association between the stimulus and the response is strnegthened. ie positive results result in stronger association between event and response.:
Observational Learning occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models.
- Basic Processes
- Attention: To learn through observation, you must pay attention to another person's behaviour and its consequences.
- Retention: You may not have occasion to use an observed response for weeks, months, or even years. Hence, you must store in your memory a mental representation of what you have witnessed.
- Reproduction: Enacting a modelled response depends on your ability to reproduce the response by converting your stored mental images into over behaviour. This may not be easy for some responeses.
- Motivation: Finally you are unlikely to reproduce an observed response unless you are motivated to do so. Your motivation depends on whether you encounter a situation in which you believe that the response is likely to pay off for you.
- Reproduction: Enacting a modelled response depends on your ability to reproduce the response by converting your stored mental images into over behaviour. This may not be easy for some responeses.
- Retention: You may not have occasion to use an observed response for weeks, months, or even years. Hence, you must store in your memory a mental representation of what you have witnessed.
- Attention: To learn through observation, you must pay attention to another person's behaviour and its consequences.
- Observational Learning and the Media Violence Controversy
- In observational learning, an organism is conditioned vicariously by watching a model's conditioning. Both classical and operant conditioning can occur through observational learning, which depends on the processes of attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.
- Accroding to Bandura, reinforcement influences which of several already acquired responses one will perform more than it influences the acquisition of new responses.
- Observational learning can account for the influence of mass media (such as television) on behaviour. The principles of observational learning have also been used to explain why physical punishment increases aggressive behaviour.
- Accroding to Bandura, reinforcement influences which of several already acquired responses one will perform more than it influences the acquisition of new responses.
- In observational learning, an organism is conditioned vicariously by watching a model's conditioning. Both classical and operant conditioning can occur through observational learning, which depends on the processes of attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.
- Basic Processes
Learning is "any relatively durable (long-lasting change in behaviour or knowledge that is due to experience, either by doing, observaton or from media such as books and lectures
Phobia: irrational fears of specific objects or situations eg flying, snakes, agoraphobia (fear of being in public spaces)
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- Mapa Mental sobre Learning, criado por Peter Lloyd em 03-03-2017.
- Criado por
- Peter Lloyd
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