Chapter 7: Human Memory

Chapter 7: Human Memory

1. Encoding: Getting Information into Memory

   • Attention involes focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events. Selective attention is critical to everyday functioning
   • Levels of processing theory purposes that deeper level of processing result in longer-lasting memory codes
   • elaboration is linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding
   • Self referent encoding involes deciding how or whether information is personally relvant
   • dual coding theory holds that memory is enhanced by foriming sematic and visual codes since either can lead to recall

2. Memory Storage

   • the sensory memory preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only a fraction of a second
   • short term memory is a limited capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for up ti about 20 seconds
   • a chunk is a group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit
   • working memory is a limited capacity storage system that temporarily maintains and stores information by providing an interface between perception, memory, and action
   • working capacity refers to one ability to hold and manipulate information in conscious attention
   • long term memory is an unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time
   • flashbulb memories are unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events

3. Forgetting

   • retention refers to the proportion of material retained
   • a recall measure of retention requires subjects to reproduce information on their own without any cues
   • recognition measure of retention requires subjects to select previously learned information from an array of options
   • repression refers to keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious
   • interference theory proposes that people forget information because of competition from other material

4. Systems and Types of Memory

   • Implicit memory is apparent when retention is exhibited on a task that does not require intentional remembering
   • the declarative memory system handles factual information
   • the nondeclarative or procedural operations and conditioned responses
   • the semantic memory system contains general knowledge that is not tied to the time when the information was learned
   • prospective memory involves remembering to perform actions in the future
   • retro spective memory involves remembering events from previously learned information

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