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Attachment

1. Emotional Connection or bond between two people shown in their behaviour

2. Evolutionary Perspective

   • Tendency to form attachment is innate is present in both infant and caregiver

3. Learning Theory Persepective

   • Infant has no innate tendency to form attachment learn attachment by food.
   • attachment learnt process (nurture)
   • View put forward by behaviourists to explain how behaviour is learnt using principles of conditioning.
     • Classical Conditioning
       • Associated with learnt behaviour.
     • Operant Conditioning
       • Form of response followed by positive reinforcement (food/praise) will be strengthened.
   • Harlow's Moneky
     • See if monkey could attach to something other than mum (not living thing) Taken from mother at birth placed in environment with 2 conditions. Condition 1 contraption with clothe around. Condition 2

4. Dollard and Millar (1950) Development of Attachment

5. Evolution is?

   • Traits that increase the chances of survival and therefore reproduction are naturally selected. Any trait related to such attachment will be naturally selected. These useful traits or features are therefore called ADAPTIVE.
     • What did Bowlby 1969 suggest?
       • That attachment was important for survival
     • Behaviour and physical characteristics change and evolve with each generation. Darwin describes this as Natural Selection as a way in which this happens. Many young produced not all can survive. The young with best chance of survival will be those with characteristics that help them cope with the demands of the environment
       • How would attachment help with an infant survival?
         • Forming an attachment when newborn gives and advantage over newborn that doesn't by ensuring good source of food and protection
           • Biological Parents have instincts to form attachment too.
             • Lorenz 1935
               • ethologist- studied animals in natural environment. Interested in how baby animals attach to mothers and give increase chance of survival. Carried study on geese. Condition 1 He was first thing the goslings seen when hatched. Condition 2 Goose mother first thing they see when hatch. Condition 1 they performed mating displays with him ignored other geese. Condition 2 performed mating display with other geese in adult life.
                 • Lorenz found that geese chicks had a critical period of just a few hours in which to imprint. If they didn't imprint they never would
   • Bowlby Evolutionary Theory
     • A| Attachments are adaptive. Gives our species an adaptive advantage making us likely to survive. Infant has attachment to care giver to kept safe given food and warm
     • S| Have social releases. unlock innate tendency of adults care.
       • 1) Physical- Typical baby face features and proportions
       • 2) Behavioural EG Crying and Cooing
     • C| babies have to form attachment with care giver in CRITICAL PERIOD of 2 1/2 years. I attachment is broken or disrupted during this period child could suffer long term consequences of maternal deprivation.
       • Cognitive, social and emotional difficulties E.G Delinquency, Reduced intelligence, Increased Aggression and Depression
     • M| Bowlby believed that infant form one very special attachment with their caregiver. This attachment is called MONTOTROPY. If mother not available infant can bond with another ever present substitute.