Separation and Purification

Separation and Purification

1. Paper Chromatography

   • To separate the different components of ink, dyes, etc.
   • Chromotogram
     • Paper used to separate the different componenets
   • achieved by the different solubility of the solutes in the solvent(The most soluble solute will travel the furthest from the starting point)

2. Distillation

   • Fractional Distillation
     • The liquid with the lowest boiling point will be separated first
     • To separate miscible liquids with different boiling points
   • To obtain a solvent from a solution

3. Filtration

   • Filtrate
   • Residue
   • To separate a solid from a liquid

4. Crystallisation

   • To separate a solid from a solution
   • By heating until MOST of the water has boiled off(SATURATED)

5. Evaporation to Dryness

   • Obtained by heating the solution until there is no water left
   • To obtain a solid from a solution(This solid must be stable to heat)

6. Application

   • solid-solid
   • solid-liquid
   • liquid-liquid (miscible)

7. Interpretation

   • Paper Chromatograms

8. Deduction

9. Pure Substances

   • Made up of one single element/compound